Self-reported experiences of discrimination and inflammation among men and women: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.

Kershaw, Kiarri N.; Lewis, Tené T.; Roux, Ana V. Diez; Jenny, Nancy S.; Liu, Kiang; Penedo, Frank J.; Carnethon, Mercedes R.

doi:10.1037/hea0000331

Cited by 111Racial and Ethnic Identity ResearchHealth disparities and outcomesGender, Health, and Social Inequality

Self-reported experiences of discrimination and inflammation among men and women: The multi-ethnic study of atherosclerosis.

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Kershaw, Kiarri N., Lewis, Tené T., Roux, Ana V. Diez, Jenny, Nancy S., Liu, Kiang, Penedo, Frank J., Carnethon, Mercedes R.·2016·Health Psychology

DOI 10.1037/hea0000331PMC PMC4817357

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: To examine associations of lifetime and everyday discrimination with inflammation independent of sociodemographic characteristics. METHOD: Cross-sectional associations of self-reported experiences of everyday discrimination and lifetime discrimination with interleukin-6 (IL-6) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were examined by gender in a multiethnic sample of 3,099 men and 3,468 women aged 45-84 years. Everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination due to any attribution, and lifetime discrimination attributed to race/ethnicity were based on self-report, and IL-6 and CRP were assayed from blood samples. RESULTS: Among women, higher levels of all 3 discrimination measures were significantly associated with higher IL-6 in models adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics, recent infection, anti-inflammatory medication use, and hormone replacement therapy use. All associations were attenuated with adjustment for body mass index (BMI). For men, everyday discrimination was inversely associated with IL-6 in all adjusted models. Lifetime discrimination was not related to IL-6 among men. Discrimination was unassociated with CRP in all models for both men and women. CONCLUSIONS: The association between discrimination and inflammation varied by gender and marker of inflammation. These findings highlight the complex relationship between discrimination and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk and point to areas in need of further research. (PsycINFO Database Record

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Psychosocial stress associated with racial discrimination and bias has a negative impact on cardiovascular disease risk, including among Pacific Islanders.
“There is evidence that psychosocial stress associated with racial discrimination and bias has a negative impact upon cardiovascular disease risk, including among Pacific Islanders [39, 40].”
From Prevalence of cardiovascular disease among Asian, Pacific Islander and multi-race populations in Hawai’i and California (2023) · cites this paper as [39]
The Results and Discussion (page numbers unavailable) provide some evidence linking discrimination with an inflammatory marker relevant to cardiovascular risk, particularly among women, but the findings varied by gender and do not establish a causal impact on cardiovascular disease risk. The Method > Sample and Design section lists White, Black, Hispanic, and Chinese participants, not Pacific Islanders; the claim's extension to Pacific Islanders is unsupported by this paper. (LLM, conf=0.89)
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Authors: Kershaw, K. N., Lewis, T. T., Roux, A. V. D., Jenny, N. S., Liu, K., Penedo, F. J., & Carnethon, M. R.
Affiliations: Northwestern University (US)
Emory University (US)
Drexel University (US)
University of Vermont (US)
ORCID: Kershaw, Kiarri N.
Lewis, Tené T.
Roux, Ana V. Diez
Liu, Kiang
Penedo, Frank J.
Carnethon, Mercedes R.
Venue: Health Psychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2016-04
Volume: 35
Issue: 4
Pages: 343-350
ISSN: 0278-6133 (ISSN-L)
1930-7810
DOI: 10.1037/hea0000331
PMC: PMC4817357
OpenAlex: W2330666305
Cited by: 111
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 1
FWCI: 28.59
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: other-oa
www.apa.org/pubs/journals/resources/open-access.aspx (am, 361 d)
Locations: Health Psychology (publishedVersion, other-oa)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (N01-HC-95159, N01-HC-95160, N01-HC-95161, N01-HC-95162, N01-HC-95163, N01-HC-95164, N01-HC-95165, N01-HC-95166, N01-HC-95167, N01-HC-95168, and N01-HC-95169)
National Center for Research Resources (UL1-RR-024156 and UL1-RR-025005)
Topics: Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Racial and Ethnic Identity Research
Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Gender, Health, and Social Inequality
Keywords: discrimination, everyday discrimination, lifetime discrimination, inflammation, interleukin-6, C-reactive protein, gender differences, cardiovascular risk, racial and ethnic discrimination, middle-aged and older adults, body mass index
MeSH terms: Aged, Aged, 80 and over, C-Reactive Protein, Cross-Sectional Studies, Female, Humans, Inflammation, Male, Middle Aged, Stress, Psychological, Biomarkers, Interleukin-6, Atherosclerosis, Self Report, Racism

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