Reactions to discrimination, stigmatization, ostracism, and other forms of interpersonal rejection: A multimotive model
Open accessAbstract
This article describes a new model that provides a framework for understanding people's reactions to threats to social acceptance and belonging as they occur in the context of diverse phenomena such as rejection, discrimination, ostracism, betrayal, and stigmatization. People's immediate reactions are quite similar across different forms of rejection in terms of negative affect and lowered self-esteem. However, following these immediate responses, people's reactions are influenced by construals of the rejection experience that predict 3 distinct motives for prosocial, antisocial, and socially avoidant behavioral responses. The authors describe the relational, contextual, and dispositional factors that affect which motives determine people's reactions to a rejection experience and the ways in which these 3 motives may work at cross-purposes. The multimotive model accounts for the myriad ways in which responses to rejection unfold over time and offers a basis for the next generation of research on interpersonal rejection.
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Social exclusion often elicits relational repair motives.
“In addition, social exclusion often elicits relational repair motives (Richman & Leary, 2009).”
From Peer Attachment and Prosocial Behavior: The Mediating Role of Positive Legal Emotion and the Moderating Effect of Social Exclusion (2026) · cites this paper as Richman & Leary, 2009
Mentalizing is a reasonable cognitive response to social exclusion in this paradigm.
“We suggest that mentalizing is a reasonable cognitive response to social exclusion in our paradigm, not only because mentalizing during decisions may reflect a concern with the peers’ evaluations of one’s decisions, but also because reactions to exclusion or rejection depend on the perceived intentions of the excluder (Molden et al., 2009; Smart Richman & Leary, 2009).”
From Risk-taking and social exclusion in adolescence: neural mechanisms underlying peer influences on decision-making (2013) · cites this paper as Smart Richman & Leary, 2009
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Research works printed but not linked: 5
- Blackhart GC Knowles ML Bieda K A meta-analytic review of affective reactions and self-esteem in response to social rejection: Support for the belongingness and sociometer theories 2007 Manuscript submitted for publication
- Gardner W Jefferis VE Knowles ML Never alone: The interdependent self as a buffer from rejection Journal of Personality and Social Psychology in press
- Leary MR Interpersonal rejection 2001 Oxford University Press New York
- Pickett CL Gardner WL Williams K Forgas J von Hippel W The social monitoring system: Enhanced sensitivity to social cues as an adaptive response to social exclusion The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying 2005 213 225 Psychology Press New York
- Williams KD Forgas JP von Hippel W The social outcast: Ostracism, social exclusion, rejection, and bullying 2005 Psychology Press New York
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“In addition, social exclusion often elicits relational repair motives (Richman & Leary, 2009).”
- Authors
- Smart Richman, L., & Leary, M. R.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- ORCID
- Leary, Mark R.
- Venue
- Psychological Review
- Published
- 2009
- Volume
- 116
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 365-383
- ISSN
- 0033-295X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1471
- PMC
- PMC2763620
- OpenAlex
- W2117976222
- Cited by
- 942
- References
- 150
- Citations by year
- 2026: 51 · 2025: 75 · 2024: 85 · 2023: 60 · 2022: 78 · 2021: 76 · 2020: 61 · 2019: 66 · 2018: 56 · 2017: 63 · 2016: 55 · 2015: 50 · 2014: 39 · 2013: 42 · 2012: 30
- FWCI
- 35.67
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Review (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- DukeSpace (Duke University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (1K01-MH-074942-02)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Death Anxiety and Social Exclusion
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Keywords
- interpersonal rejection, ostracism, discrimination, stigmatization, betrayal, social acceptance, sense of belonging, negative affect, self-esteem, prosocial behavior, antisocial behavior, social avoidance
- MeSH terms
- Humans, Models, Psychological, Motivation, Prejudice, Rejection, Psychology
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