The reintroduction of large carnivores to the Eastern Cape, South Africa: an assessment
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Abstract Recently, conservation estate in South Africa's Eastern Cape Province has increased 10-fold resulting in large predators being increasingly reintroduced to restore ecological integrity and maximize tourism. We describe the reintroductions of large carnivores (>10 kg) that have occurred in the Eastern Cape and use various criteria to assess their success. Lion Panthera leo reintroduction has been highly successful with a population of 56 currently extant in the region and problems of overpopulation arising. The African wild dog Lycaon pictus population has increased to 24 from a founder population of 11. Preliminary results for spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta also indicate success. Wild populations of leopards Panthera pardus exist on several reserves and have been supplemented by translocated individuals, although deaths of known individuals have occurred and no estimate of reproduction is available. Cheetah Acinonyx jubatus reintroduction has also been less successful with 36 individuals reintroduced and 23 cubs being born but only 41 individuals surviving in 2005. Criteria for assessing the success of reintroductions of species that naturally occur in low densities, such as top predators, generally have limited value. Carrying capacity for large predators is unknown and continued monitoring and intensive management will be necessary in enclosed, and possibly all, conservation areas in the Eastern Cape to ensure conservation success.
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Managers of many small reserves reintroduce large predators into ecosystems from which they have been absent for decades, and into heavily fragmented and transformed landscapes.
“Furthermore, in an attempt to restore ecosystem functioning and to increase tourism, managers of many small reserves reintroduce large predators into ecosystems from which they have been absent for decades, and into heavily fragmented and transformed landscapes [12,13].”
From Effects of Vegetation Structure on the Location of Lion Kill Sites in African Thicket (2016) · cites this paper as [12]
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West, R. S., Tilley, L. A. N., & Moseby, K. E. (2019) · Australian Mammalogy · doi:10.1071/am19041 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Whittington-Jones, B. M., Parker, D. M., Bernard, R. T. F., & Davies‐Mostert, H. T. (2014) · South African Journal of Wildlife Research · doi:10.3957/056.044.0201 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Assessing the success of the first cheetah reintroduction in Malawi
Sievert, O., Fattebert, J., Marnewick, K. A., & Leslie, A. J. (2022) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605321000788 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Brown hyaena population explosion: rapid population growth in a small, fenced system
Welch, R. J., & Parker, D. M. (2016) · Wildlife Research · doi:10.1071/wr15123 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Moseby, K. E., Blumstein, D. T., Letnic, M., & West, R. S. (2018) · Oryx · doi:10.1017/s0030605318000054 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Mkonyi, F. J. (2022) · Mammalian Biology · doi:10.1007/s42991-022-00255-1 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Cheetah Translocation and Reintroduction Programs: Past, Present, and Future
Boast, L. K., Chelysheva, E. V., van der Merwe, V., Schmidt‐Küntzel, A., Walker, E. H., Cilliers, D., Gusset, M., & Marker, L. L. (2018) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804088-1.00020-4 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Edwards, S., Noack, J., Heyns, L., & Rodenwoldt, D. (2019) · Mammal Research · doi:10.1007/s13364-019-00432-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Powell, R. A., Facka, A., Clifford, D. L., Smith, K. P., Matthews, S. M., Murphy, E., Yaeger, J., Figura, P. J., & Callas, R. L. (2025) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0320594 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Guidelines for evaluating the conservation value of African lion (Panthera leo) translocations
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Bach, L. A., Pedersen, R. B. F., Hayward, M. W., Stagegaard, J., Loeschcke, V., & Pertoldi, C. (2010) · Journal for Nature Conservation · doi:10.1016/j.jnc.2009.09.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationBrown hyena habitat selection varies among sites in a semi-arid region of southern Africa
Welch, R., Tambling, C. J., Bissett, C., Gaylard, A., Müller, K., Slater, K., Strauss, W., & Parker, D. (2016) · Journal of Mammalogy · doi:10.1093/jmammal/gyv189 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Yiu, S. W., Keith, M., Karczmarski, L., & Parrini, F. (2015) · European Journal of Wildlife Research · doi:10.1007/s10344-015-0962-0 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
What role do private protected areas have in conserving global biodiversity
Holmes, G. (2013) · White Rose Research Online (University of Leeds, The University of Sheffield, University of York) · Cited by 19 · see citing works
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Hayward, M. W., Hayward, G. J., & Kerley, G. I. H. (2010) · The Coleopterists Bulletin · doi:10.1649/0010-065x-64.1.75 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationDoes the presence of large predators affect the diet of a mesopredator?
Brassine, M. C., & Parker, D. M. (2011) · African Journal of Ecology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2028.2011.01308.x · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Freeman, E. W., Meyer, J. M., Bird, J., Adendorff, J., Schulte, B. A., & Santymire, R. M. (2014) · Conservation Physiology · doi:10.1093/conphys/cot034 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Demography of Cheetahs in Fenced Reserves in South Africa: Implications for Conservation
Bissett, C., & Bernard, R. T. F. (2011) · South African Journal of Wildlife Research · doi:10.3957/056.041.0205 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Grange, S., Owen‐Smith, N., Gaillard, J., Druce, D. J., Moleón, M., & Mgobozi, M. (2012) · Acta Oecologica · doi:10.1016/j.actao.2012.02.007 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
The Welfare Implications of Using Exotic Tortoises as Ecological Replacements
Griffiths, C. J., Zuël, N., Tatayah, V., Jones, C. G., Griffiths, O. L., & Harris, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039395 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
- Authors
- Hayward, M. W., Kerley, G. I. H., Adendorff, J., Moolman, L. C., O'Brien, J., Sholto-Douglas, A., Bissett, C., Bean, P., Fogarty, A., Howarth, D., & Slater, R.
- Affiliations
- Nelson Mandela University (ZA)
- Corresponding author
- Hayward, Matt W.
- Venue
- Oryx
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2007-04
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 205-214
- ISSN
- 0030-6053 (ISSN-L)
- 1365-3008
- OpenAlex
- W2115875694
- Cited by
- 208
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 30 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 13
- FWCI
- 9.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Oryx (publishedVersion)
- Nelson Mandela University Research Repository (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Panthera
- National Research Foundation
- University of Pretoria
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Wildlife Ecology and Conservation
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Rangeland and Wildlife Management
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Ecology › Animal Ecology and Behavior Studies
- Keywords
- Eastern Cape, lion, Lycaon pictus, spotted hyena, leopard, cheetah, translocation, carrying capacity, conservation estate, wildlife tourism
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