Defining nicotine dependence for genetic research: evidence from Australian twins
Open accessAbstract
Background. Whether current criteria used to define nicotine dependence are informative for genetic research is an important empirical question. The authors used items of the DSM-IV and of the Heaviness of Smoking Index to characterize the nicotine dependence phenotype and to identify salient symptoms in a genetically informative community sample of Australian young adult female and male twins. Method. Phenotypic and genetic factor analyses were performed on nine dependence symptoms (the seven DSM-IV substance dependence criteria and the two Heaviness of Smoking Index (HSI) items derived from the Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, time to first cigarette in the morning and number of cigarettes smoked per day). Phenotypic and genetic analyses were restricted to ever smokers. Results. Phenotypic nicotine dependence symptom covariation was best captured by two factors with a similar pattern of factor loadings for women and men. In genetic factor analysis item covariation was best captured by two genetic but one shared environmental factor for both women and men; however, item factor loadings differed by gender. All nicotine dependence symptoms were substantially heritable, except for the DSM-IV criterion of ‘giving up or reducing important activities in order to smoke’, which was weakly familial. Conclusions. The salient behavioral indices of nicotine dependence are similar for women and men. DSM-IV criteria of tolerance, withdrawal, and experiencing difficulty quitting and HSI items time to first cigarette in the morning and number of cigarettes smoked per day may represent the most highly heritable symptoms of nicotine dependence for both women and men.
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Heritability accounts for 50-75% of the risk for nicotine dependence, depending on how dependence is defined and which population is studied.
“Depending on the parameters used to define dependence, and the population considered, heritability contributes 50–75 % of the risk for dependence (Dokal et al. 1989; Hall et al. 2002; Lessov et al. 2004; Furberg et al. 2010; Nugent et al. 2014; also see chapters entitled Genetics of Smoking Behaviour and Pharmacogenetics of Nicotine and Associated Smoking Behaviors; volume 23).”
From Nicotine Withdrawal (2015) · cites this paper as Lessov et al. 2004
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- Authors
- LESSOV, C. N., MARTIN, N. G., STATHAM, D. J., TODOROV, A. A., SLUTSKE, W. S., BUCHOLZ, K. K., HEATH, A. C., & MADDEN, P. A. F.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2004-07
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 865-879
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2092485330
- Cited by
- 185
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 1 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 4 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 5 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 6.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (AA11998, AA-07728)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA012540, DA07261, DA12854, DA-12540, DA-00272, K21DA000272, T32DA007261)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Genetic Associations and Epidemiology
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- nicotine dependence, smoking, heritability, Heaviness of Smoking Index, Fagerström Tolerance Questionnaire, twin studies, gender differences, shared environment, nicotine tolerance, nicotine withdrawal, ever-smokers
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Australia, Diseases in Twins, Factor Analysis, Statistical, Female, Humans, Male, Phenotype, Severity of Illness Index, Tobacco Use Disorder, Prevalence, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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