Neurobiology of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome

Kenny, Paul J.; Markou, Athina

doi:10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00651-7

Cited by 310Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors StudySmoking Behavior and CessationNeurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior

Neurobiology of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome

Kenny, Paul J., Markou, Athina·2001·Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

DOI 10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00651-7

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Abstract

The aversive aspects of withdrawal from chronic nicotine exposure are thought to be an important motivational factor contributing to the maintenance of the tobacco habit in human smokers. Much emphasis has been placed on delineating the underlying neurobiological mechanisms mediating different components of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome. Recent studies have shown that both central and peripheral populations of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are involved in mediating somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal as measured by the rodent nicotine abstinence scale. However, only central populations of nAChRs are involved in mediating affective aspects of nicotine withdrawal, as measured by elevations in brain-stimulation reward thresholds and conditioned place aversion. Nicotine interacts with several neurotransmitter systems, including acetylcholine, dopamine, opioid peptides, serotonin, and glutamate systems. Evidence so far suggests that these neurotransmitters play a role in nicotine dependence and withdrawal processes. The available evidence also suggests that different underlying neurochemical deficits mediate somatic and affective components of nicotine withdrawal. The aim of the present review is to discuss preclinical findings concerning the neuroanatomical and neurochemical substrates involved in these different aspects of nicotine withdrawal.

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Dependence on tobacco smoking depends on the balance between rewarding and aversive actions of nicotine and on escape from the aversive consequences of nicotine withdrawal.
“Dependence on tobacco smoking depends not only on the balance between the rewarding and aversive action of nicotine described above, but also on escape from the aversive consequences of nicotine withdrawal (Doherty et al. 1995;Kenny and Markou 2001).”
From Mechanisms of Nicotine Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as Kenny and Markou 2001
The most common somatic symptoms of nicotine withdrawal include bradycardia, gastrointestinal discomfort, and increased appetite.
“The most common somatic symptoms include bradycardia, gastrointestinal discomfort, and increased appetite.”
From Mechanisms of Nicotine Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as Kenny and Markou 2001
Affective symptoms of nicotine withdrawal primarily include depressed mood with anhedonia, dysphoria, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and craving.
“Affective symptoms primarily include depressed mood including anhedonia, dysphoria, anxiety, irritability, difficulty concentrating, and craving (Parrott 1993;Doherty et al. 1995;Kenny and Markou 2001).”
From Mechanisms of Nicotine Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as Kenny and Markou 2001
The nicotine withdrawal syndrome in abstinent smokers comprises somatic and affective components.
“The nicotine withdrawal syndrome in abstinent smokers is comprised of”
From Mechanisms of Nicotine Addiction (2021) · cites this paper as Kenny and Markou 2001
Chronic nicotine exposure causes neuroadaptations that produce widespread changes in brain neurotransmission, promoting and sustaining tobacco use.
“The neuroadaptations arising from chronic nicotine exposure cause widespread alterations in brain neurotransmission that promote and sustain the use of tobacco [21–24].”
From Mechanistic insights into nicotine withdrawal (2011) · cites this paper as [22]

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REVIEW ON CPP: Measuring reward with the conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm: update of the last decade
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Nicotine Withdrawal
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“A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript A uthor M anuscript avoiding environments paired with withdrawal serves as an indicator of the severity of aversion (Kenny and Markou 2001).”
Background
Effects of abstinence from tobacco: Etiology, animal models, epidemiology, and significance: A subjective review
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A C. elegans Model of Nicotine-Dependent Behavior: Regulation by TRP-Family Channels
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Smoking withdrawal dynamics: I. Abstinence distress in lapsers and abstainers
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Measuring the emergence of tobacco dependence: the contribution of negative reinforcement models
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Withdrawal from Chronic Nicotine Administration Impairs Contextual Fear Conditioning in C57BL/6 Mice
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Group II Metabotropic and α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazole Propionate (AMPA)/Kainate Glutamate Receptors Regulate the Deficit in Brain Reward Function Associated with Nicotine Withdrawal in Rats
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Subtypes of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in nicotine reward, dependence, and withdrawal: evidence from genetically modified mice
Fowler, C. D., Arends, M. A., & Kenny, P. J. (2008) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0b013e32830c360e · Cited by 131 · see citing works
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Recent advances in understanding nicotinic receptor signaling mechanisms that regulate drug self-administration behavior
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Activation of GABAergic Neurons in the Interpeduncular Nucleus Triggers Physical Nicotine Withdrawal Symptoms
Zhao-Shea, R., Liu, L., Pang, X., Gardner, P. D., & Tapper, A. R. (2013) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2013.09.041 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
Neurobiological Mechanisms of Nicotine Reward and Aversion
Wills, L. P., Ables, J. L., Braunscheidel, K. M., Caligiuri, S. P. B., Elayouby, K. S., Fillinger, C., Ishikawa, M., Moen, J. K., & Kenny, P. J. (2022) · Pharmacological Reviews · doi:10.1124/pharmrev.121.000299 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
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Current and emerging pharmacotherapies for treating tobacco dependence
Schnoll, R. A., & Lerman, C. E. (2006) · Expert Opinion on Emerging Drugs · doi:10.1517/14728214.11.3.429 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Stress Produces Aversion and Potentiates Cocaine Reward by Releasing Endogenous Dynorphins in the Ventral Striatum to Locally Stimulate Serotonin Reuptake
Schindler, A. G., Messinger, D. I., Smith, J. S., Shankar, H., Gustin, R. M., Schattauer, S. S., Lemos, J. C., Chavkin, N. W., Hagan, C. E., Neumaier, J. F., et al. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.3220-12.2012 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Power Spectral Analysis of EEG Activity During Sleep in Cigarette Smokers
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Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol decreases somatic and motivational manifestations of nicotine withdrawal in mice
Balerio, G. N., Aso, E., Berrendero, F., Murtra, P., & Maldonado, R. J. (2004) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/j.1460-9568.2004.03714.x · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Neuroadaptive changes in the mesoaccumbens dopamine system after chronic nicotine self-administration: a microdialysis study
Rahman, S., Zhang, J., Engleman, E. A., & Corrigall, W. A. (2004) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2004.08.010 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Conditioned nicotine withdrawal profoundly decreases the activity of brain reward systems
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Neural Substrates of Psychostimulant Withdrawal-Induced Anhedonia
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Smoking Behaviour and Mental Health Disorders—Mutual Influences and Implications for Therapy
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An essential role of acetylcholine-glutamate synergy at habenular synapses in nicotine dependence
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Effects of Acute Nicotine Abstinence on Cue-elicited Ventral Striatum/Nucleus Accumbens Activation in Female Cigarette Smokers: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study
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Different physiological and behavioural effects of e-cigarette vapour and cigarette smoke in mice
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Increased anxiety-like behavior in adult rats exposed to nicotine as adolescents
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Animal models and treatments for addiction and depression co-morbidity
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Habenula cholinergic neurons regulate anxiety during nicotine withdrawal via nicotinic acetylcholine receptors
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A psychobiological framework of the substrates that mediate nicotine use during adolescence
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Cannabis Use Disrupts Eyeblink Conditioning: Evidence for Cannabinoid Modulation of Cerebellar-Dependent Learning
Skosnik, P. D., Edwards, C. R., O’Donnell, B. F., Steffen, A., Steinmetz, J. E., & Hetrick, W. P. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301506 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Role of α5* nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the effects of acute and chronic nicotine treatment on brain reward function in mice
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Nicotine behavioral pharmacology: Clues from planarians
Rawls, S. M., Patil, T., Tallarida, C. S., Baron, S. H., Kim, M., Song, K., Ward, S. J., & Raffa, R. B. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.04.001 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
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A mechanistic hypothesis of the factors that enhance vulnerability to nicotine use in females
O’Dell, L. E., & Torres, O. V. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.04.055 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Genetic dissociation of two behaviors associated with nicotine addiction: Beta-2 containing nicotinic receptors are involved in nicotine reinforcement but not in withdrawal syndrome
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Galantamine, an Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitor and Positive Allosteric Modulator of Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors, Attenuates Nicotine Taking and Seeking in Rats
Hopkins, T. J., Rupprecht, L. E., Hayes, M. R., Blendy, J. A., & Schmidt, H. D. (2012) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2012.83 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
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Authors: Kenny, P. J., & Markou, A.
Affiliations: Scripps Research Institute (US)
Corresponding author: Markou, Athina
ORCID: Kenny, Paul J.
Venue: Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior
Publisher: Elsevier BV
Published: 2001-12
Volume: 70
Issue: 4
Pages: 531-549
ISSN: 0091-3057 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.1016/s0091-3057(01)00651-7
OpenAlex: W2020567468
Cited by: 310
References: 264
Citations by year: 2025: 9 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 17 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 19 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 0.69
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.elsevier.com/tdm/userlicense/1.0/ (tdm)
Locations: Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA 11946, R56DA011946)
Topics: Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors Study
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Smoking Behavior and Cessation
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
Keywords: nicotine withdrawal, nicotine dependence, nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, somatic withdrawal signs, conditioned place aversion, dopamine, opioid peptides, serotonin, glutamate, acetylcholine, neuroanatomical substrates
MeSH terms: Animals, Humans, Nicotine, Substance Withdrawal Syndrome, Nicotinic Agonists

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Neurobiology of the nicotine withdrawal syndrome

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