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DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Open accessAbstract
Background: Little is known about the prevalence or correlates of DSM-IV pathological gambling (PG). Method: Data from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), a nationally representative US household survey, were used to assess lifetime gambling symptoms and PG along with other DSM-IV disorders. Age of onset (AOO) of each lifetime disorder was assessed retrospectively. AOO reports were used to study associations between temporally primary disorders and the subsequent risk of secondary disorders. Results: Most respondents (78.4%) reported lifetime gambling. Lifetime problem gambling (at least one Criterion A symptom of PG) (2.3%) and PG (0.6%) were much less common. PG was significantly associated with being young, male, and Non-Hispanic Black. People with PG reported first gambling significantly earlier than non-problem gamblers (mean age 16.7 v . 23.9 years, z =12.7, p <0.001), with gambling problems typically beginning during the mid-20s and persisting for an average of 9.4 years. During this time the largest annual gambling losses averaged US$4800. Onset and persistence of PG were predicted by a variety of prior DSM-IV anxiety, mood, impulse-control and substance use disorders. PG also predicted the subsequent onset of generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance dependence. Although none of the NCS-R respondents with PG ever received treatment for gambling problems, 49.0% were treated at some time for other mental disorders. Conclusions: DSM-IV PG is a comparatively rare, seriously impairing, and undertreated disorder whose symptoms typically start during early adulthood and is frequently secondary to other mental or substance disorders that are associated with both PG onset and persistence.
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In the citing paper
“Epidemiological research indicates that over 50% of PGs have a lifetime mood disorder, over 40% have a lifetime anxiety disorder, and about 23% have ASPD (Kessler et al. 2008; Petry, Stinson & Grant, 2005).”
From Subtyping Pathological Gamblers Based on Impulsivity, Depression, and Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Kessler et al. 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Gambling disorder often co-occurs with psychiatric disorders, particularly substance use and anxiety disorders (el-Guebaly et al., 2006; Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains, Cowlishaw, & Thomas, 2011; Parhami, Mojtabai, Rosenthal, Afifi, & Fong, 2014).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“For gambling disorder and substance use disorders, it appears this relationship is bi-directional, as the presence of one of either of these conditions often predicts the onset of the other (Afifi, Nicholson, Martins, & Sareen, 2016; Kessler et al., 2008).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Approximately 37% (range: 14.0% −60.3%) of subthreshold and clinical gamblers suffer from an anxiety disorder (Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2005)”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Anxiety disorders, however, often precede the onset of gambling disorder or substance use disorders (Blanco et al., 2015; Kausch, Rugle, & Rowland, 2006; Kessler et al., 2008).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2008
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Items 401–500 of 928
Slutske, W. S., Deutsch, A. R., Richmond‐Rakerd, L. S., Chernyavskiy, P., Statham, D. J., & Martin, N. G. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0035356 · Cited by 20
“A history of childhood CD (Kessler et al., 2008; Slutske et al., 2001) and ADHD (Crockford & el Guebaly, 1998) has also been linked to disordered gambling in adulthood.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMice Gamble for Food: Individual Differences in Risky Choices and Prefrontal Cortex Serotonin
Pittaras, E., Cressant, A., Serreau, P., Bruijel, J., Dellu-Hagedorn, F., Callebert, J., Rabat, A., & Granon, S. (2013) · Journal of Addiction Research & Therapy · doi:10.4172/2155-6105.s4-011 · Cited by 20
“Moreover, the recent, and worldwide, legal opportunity for people to gamble on the web increases dramatically the risk for pathological gambling in the human population [14].”
BackgroundLi, Y., Sescousse, G., & Dreher, J. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00083 · Cited by 22
Håkansson, A., & Ford, M. (2019) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s226982 · Cited by 19
“Occupational health-care 7 (6) 121 (6) 128 (6)”
InfluentialUsing “Markers of Harm” to Track Risky Gambling in Two Cohorts of Online Sports Bettors
McAuliffe, W. H. B., Louderback, E. R., Edson, T. C., LaPlante, D. A., & Nelson, S. E. (2022) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10097-0 · Cited by 19
“Young age and being male are both associated with gambling-related harms (Hing et al., 2016; Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundOffline and Online Gambling in a Swiss Emerging-Adult Male Population
Tomei, A., Petrović, G., & Simon, O. (2022) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-022-10106-w · Cited by 19
“This trend is in line with previous reports (Holtgraves, 2009; Kessler et al., 2008; Tomei et al., 2015).”
ResultPreventive Interventions and Harm Reduction in Online and Electronic Gambling: A Systematic Review
Fiskaali, A., Stenbro, A. W., Marcussen, T., & Rask, M. T. (2022) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-022-10126-6 · Cited by 21
Betting on Illusory Patterns: Probability Matching in Habitual Gamblers
Gaissmaier, W., Wilke, A., Scheibehenne, B., McCanney, P., & Barrett, H. C. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9539-9 · Cited by 27
“Note that the proportion of probable pathological gamblers among community members is comparable to what has been found in the literature (see Kessler et al. 2008; Shaffer et al. 1997).”
ResultVentral Striatal Dopamine Synthesis Capacity Predicts Financial Extravagance in Parkinson’s Disease
Lawrence, A. D., Brooks, D. J., & Whone, A. L. (2013) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00090 · Cited by 22
“Disordered gambling, frequently comorbid with substance abuse and antisocial personality disorder (Kessler et al., 2008) is also considered one variant of EXT (Oleski et al., 2011; Blanco et al., 2012; Forbush and Watson, 2013; but see Slutske et al., 2013).”
BackgroundSchaefer, L. S., Lobo, B. D. O. M., & Kristensen, C. H. (2012) · Estudos de Psicologia (Natal) · doi:10.1590/s1413-294x2012000200018 · Cited by 19
“…Maior, além de risco de suicídio, uso de substâncias químicas, como o álcool e outras drogas, e jogo patológico (Cacciola, Koppenhaver, Alterman, & McKay, 2009; Kessler, 2000; Kessler et al., 2008; Kristensen, Parente, & Kaszniak, 2005; Nock et al., 2009; Ouimette, Read, Wade, & Tirone, 2010).”
BackgroundGambling disorder: Association between duration of illness, clinical, and neurocognitive variables
Medeiros, G. C., Redden, S. A., Chamberlain, S. R., & Grant, J. E. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.029 · Cited by 20
“…its onset in a wide range of ages, from adolescents to old adults (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Burge, Pietrzak, Molina, & Petry, 2004; Kessler et al., 2008; Ladd, Molina, Kerins, & Petry, 2003; Lynch, Maciejewski, & Potenza, 2004; Medeiros et al., 2015; Shaffer, Hall, & Vander Bilt,…”
BackgroundMartin, R. J., Nelson, S. E., Gallucci, A. R., & Lee, J. G. L. (2017) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2017.1409248 · Cited by 19
“Research has found that traditional sports gamblers are at significantly higher risk for experiencing gambling-related problems than participants of other gambling types (Kessler et al., 2008) and sports gamblers who experience gambling-related problems bet more often and with higher stakes (LaBrie & Shaffer, 2011).”
BackgroundDowd, D. A., Keough, M. T., Jakobson, L. S., Bolton, J. M., & Edgerton, J. D. (2018) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2018.1520909 · Cited by 19
“…between gambling problems and other mental disorders (e.g. Lesieur & Blume, 1991; Miller & Westermeyer, 1996), including substance abuse disorders (Kessler et al., 2008; Spunt, Dupont, Lesieur, Liberty, & Hunt, 1998), mood and anxiety disorders (elGuebaly et al., 2006; Petry, Stinson, & Grant,…”
BackgroundGehlenborg, J., Bücker, L., Berthold, M., Miegel, F. S., & Moritz, S. (2020) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-020-09975-w · Cited by 21
Sharp, C., Dellis, A., Hofmeyr, A., Kincaid, H., & Ross, D. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9469-y · Cited by 19
“National population-based studies address this problem and should therefore be considered the gold standard in investigating comorbidity between conditions (Petry et al. 2005; el-Guebaly et al. 2006; Kessler et al. 2008).”
BackgroundOkunna, N. C., Rodríguez-Monguió, R., Smelson, D. A., & Volberg, R. A. (2015) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-015-9589-3 · Cited by 19
“In addition, the majority of gambling research focuses on the associations between problem gambling and comorbid disorders, but there is limited research on similar correlations among recreational gamblers (Barry et al. 2011; Kessler et al. 2008; Petry 2007; Welte et al. 2001; Volberg 1996).”
BackgroundInfluentialStruggling with Happiness: A Pathway Leading Depression to Gambling Disorder
Rogier, G., Picci, G., & Velotti, P. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-09825-w · Cited by 20
Behavioural addictions: Classification and consequences
Mann, K. F., Kiefer, F., Schellekens, A., & Dom, G. (2017) · European Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.04.008 · Cited by 19
“In addition, high comorbidity rates exist between gambling disorder and substance-use disorders [7,8].”
BackgroundBischof, A., Meyer, C., Bischof, G., Guertler, D., Kastirke, N., John, U., & Rumpf, H. (2013) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000356904 · Cited by 18
Pfund, R. A., King, S. A., Forman, D. P., Zech, J. M., Ginley, M. K., Peter, S. C., McAfee, N. W., Witkiewitz, K. A., & Whelan, J. (2023) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000910 · Cited by 18
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Problem Gambling among College Students
Rinker, D. V., Rodriguez, L. M., Krieger, H., Tackett, J. L., & Neighbors, C. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9563-9 · Cited by 18
“Epidemiological studies of gambling prevalence in the U.S. have found that Black and Hispanic adults are more likely to exhibit problem, pathological, or disordered gambling than Caucasians (Alegrı́a et al. 2009; Barry et al. 2011; CunninghamWilliams et al. 2000; Kessler et al. 2008; Petry et al. Grant 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialEffects of stress and alcohol cues in men with and without problem gambling and alcohol use disorder
Steinberg, L., Tremblay, A.-M., Zack, M. H., Busto, U. E., & Zawertailo, L. A. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2011.05.011 · Cited by 19
Piasecki, T. M., Gizer, I. R., & Slutske, W. S. (2019) · Twin Research and Human Genetics · doi:10.1017/thg.2019.90 · Cited by 18
“Each of these disorders overlaps with DG at the phenotypic level in epidemiological samples (Clark et al., 2013; Edens & Rosenheck, 2012; Kessler et al., 2008; McIntyre et al., 2007; Park et al., 2011, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialRichmond‐Rakerd, L. S., Slutske, W. S., & Piasecki, T. M. (2013) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2013.836554 · Cited by 18
“Finally, because the youngest participants in the NCS-R were born before 1984 and the data were collected a decade ago, we cannot extrapolate our findings to samples born in more recent years or to the contemporary United States milieu.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialAn Ecological Approach to Electronic Gambling Machines and Socioeconomic Deprivation in Germany
Xouridas, S., Jasny, J., & Becker, T. C. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Issues · doi:10.4309/jgi.2016.33.6 · Cited by 18
Prevalence and covariates of problematic gambling among a US military cohort
Gallaway, M. S., Fink, D. S., Sampson, L., Cohen, G. H., Tamburrino, M., Liberzon, I., Calabrese, J. R., & Galea, S. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.03.013 · Cited by 19
“, 2014), and suicide (Black, Gallaway, Bell, & Ritchie, 2011), all conditions that are highly associated with problem gambling (Abdollahnejad, Delfabbro, & Denson, 2014; Black & Moyer, 1999; Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains, Cowlishaw, & Thomas, 2011; Zimmerman, Chelminski, & Young, 2006).”
The Profiles of Gamblers Seeking Counseling Services Evidence from Chinese Gamblers in Hong Kong
Leung, C., & Tsang, S. (2011) · Asia Pacific Journal of Social Work and Development · doi:10.1080/21650993.2011.9756107 · Cited by 17
“For example, one U.S. household survey estimated that 78 percent of adults surveyed reported gambling at least once in their lifetime (Kessler et al., 2008) and the prevalence of lifetime problem gambling and pathological gambling were estimated to be 2.3 percent and 0.6 percent, respectively.”
BackgroundInfluentialVaca, D. J. G., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., González-Doña, J., Müller, A., Brand, M., Steward, T., Mestre‐Bach, G., Mallorquí‐Bagué, N., Aymamí, N., et al. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9786-7 · Cited by 17
Prevalence and potential predictors of gambling disorder among people living with HIV
Langan, K., Wall, M., Potts, W., & Himelhoch, S. (2018) · AIDS Care · doi:10.1080/09540121.2018.1499858 · Cited by 17
“…screen Rates of gambling disorder among the general population range from 0.4% to 4.2% of adults (Barry, Stefanovics, Desai, & Potenza, 2011; Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains, Cowlishaw, & Thomas, 2011; Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005; Rush, Bassani, Urbanoski, & Castel, 2008; Shaffer & Hall,…”
InfluentialClaesdotter‐Knutsson, E., André, F., Fridh, M., Delfin, C., Håkansson, A., & Lindström, M. (2022) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/35207 · Cited by 17
“Kessler et al [8] showed that nicotine, alcohol, and drug dependence elevated the odds of pathological gambling.”
BackgroundSubstance-Related and Addictive Disorders
(2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x16_substance_related_disorders · Cited by 25
Attenuation of dopamine‐induced GABA release in problem gamblers
Møller, A., Thomsen, K. R., Brooks, D. J., Mouridsen, K., Blicher, J. U., Hansen, K. V., & Lou, H. C. (2019) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.1239 · Cited by 17
“This focus on males is in line with the overrepresentation of males among individuals suffering from gambling disorder (Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAddiction is socially engineered exploitation of natural biological vulnerability
Ross, D. (2020) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2020.112598 · Cited by 17
Tulloch, C., Browne, M., Hing, N., & Rockloff, M. (2020) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-020-09990-x · Cited by 17
Larsson, L., & Håkansson, A. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0274064 · Cited by 17
“Earlier studies have shown that anxiety and mood disorders predispose for gambling disorder [7,14].”
BackgroundResponsible gambling training in Ontario casinos: employee attitudes and experience
Quilty, L. C., Robinson, J., & Blaszczynski, A. P. (2015) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2015.1056206 · Cited by 17
“Due the gender differences in previous research – particularly the elevated proportion of males who exhibit gambling difficulties (e.g. Kessler et al., 2008) and the elevated proportion of females in a previous study of casino employees (Guttentag et al., 2012) – gender differences were…”
Are Treatment Outcomes Determined by Type of Gambling? A UK Study
Ronzitti, S., Soldini, E., Smith, N., Bayston, A., Clerici, M., & Bowden-Jones, H. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9752-4 · Cited by 15
“Gambling is a widespread practice in many countries of the world, with up to 80% of the population engaged in some form of gambling activity (Kessler et al. 2008; Wardle et al. 2011).”
BackgroundRussell, T. I., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2019) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/bne0000311 · Cited by 17
Relaxing Effect Induced by Forest Sound in Patients with Gambling Disorder
Ochiai, H., Song, C., Jo, H., Oishi, M., Imai, M., & Miyazaki, Y. (2020) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su12155969 · Cited by 17
“Studies have shown that depressive moods can cause GD to exacerbate and interfere with healing [6,7].”
BackgroundPathological Gambling and Depression
Rizeanu, S. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.339 · Cited by 17
“A number of previous studies have indicated that pathological gambling is often associated with depression (Blaszczynski, 2010; Fernández-Montalvo & Echeburúa, 2004; Kessler et al, 2008; Lorains et al., 2011).”
BackgroundVillalba-García, C., Griffiths, M. D., Demetrovics, Z., & Czakó, A. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2025.108579 · Cited by 16
Is there such a thing as gambling dual disorder? Preliminary evidence and clinical profiles
Szerman, N., Basurte-Villamor, I., Vega, P., Mesías, B., Martı́nez-Raga, J., Ferre, F., & Arango, C. (2022) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2022.11.010 · Cited by 16
“…between GD and other mental disorders, including substance use disorders (SUDs), attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mood disorders, or impulse-control disorders ( Calado and Griffiths, 2016 ; Dowling et al, 2015 ; ( Kessler et al., 2008 ); Potenza et al., 2019 ; Szerman et al., 2020 ).”
Smartphone Apps for Problem Gambling: a Review of Content and Quality
McCurdy, L. Y., Loya, J. M., Hart-Derrick, V. R., Young, G. C., Kiluk, B. D., & Potenza, M. N. (2023) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-023-00479-2 · Cited by 15
Smith, D., Battersby, M., & Harvey, P. W. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2015.04.001 · Cited by 16
Development and validation of the Chinese adolescent gambling expectancy scale
Wong, S. S.-K., & Tsang, S. K.-M. (2012) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2012.672582 · Cited by 16
“Felsher, Derevensky, & Gupta, 2004 ; Kessler et al, 2008 ).”
BackgroundHagen, B. F., Kalischuk, R. G., Currie, C. L., Solowoniuk, J., & Nixon, G. (2013) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2013.819934 · Cited by 16
“Studies indicate that in established market economies, PG is elevated among men and those with lower socio-economic status (Afifi, Cox, Martens, Sareen, & Enns, 2010a; Chou & Afifi, 2011; Kessler et al., 2008; Welte, Barnes, Wieczorek, Tidwell, & Parker, 2001).”
BackgroundInanspruchnahme von Hilfen bei Pathologischem Glücksspielen
Bischof, A., Meyer, C., Bischof, G., Kastirke, N., John, U., & Rumpf, H. (2012) · SUCHT - Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis / Journal of Addiction Research and Practice · doi:10.1024/0939-5911.a000214 · Cited by 17
Eby, L. T. D. T., Mitchell, M. E., Gray, C. J., Provolt, L., Lorys, A., Fortune, E. E., & Goodie, A. S. (2015) · Community Work & Family · doi:10.1080/13668803.2015.1112255 · Cited by 16
“In the USA, the prevalence of any lifetime gambling is 78.4%, and 54.5% of individuals report gambling more than 10 times (Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialHuggett, S. B., Winiger, E. A., Corley, R. P., Hewitt, J. K., & Stallings, M. C. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.01.024 · Cited by 16
“…outcomes in younger adults is especially important for intervention/prevention techniques since the average age of onset for pathological gambling occurs between ages 29-34 (Blanco et al. 2006), which is later than average onset ages for numerous psychiatric disorders (Kessler et al. 2008).”
BackgroundPredicting Gambling Situations: The Roles of Impulsivity, Substance Use, and Post-Traumatic Stress
Grubbs, J. B., & Chapman, H. A. (2019) · Substance Abuse Research and Treatment · doi:10.1177/1178221819852641 · Cited by 16
Limbrick‐Oldfield, E. H., Mick, I., Cocks, R., Flechais, R., Turton, S., Lingford-Hughes, A. R., Bowden‐Jones, H., & Clark, L. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0534-1 · Cited by 19
“Our findings that these signals overlap with the profile in GD mitigates against the possibility that differences in biological relatives could reflect resiliency against the disorder rather than risk [66]; this concern is arguably greater in adult samples who have passed the average age of onset [48].”
BackgroundMethodImpaired Awareness of Problem and Pathological Gambling: A Review
Shah, P., Quilty, L. C., Kim, J., Graff‐Guerrero, A., & Gerretsen, P. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09926-0 · Cited by 16
Problem and non-problem gamblers: a cross-sectional clustering study by gambling characteristics
Guillou-Landréat, M., Chéreau, I., Perrot, B., Romo, L., Codina, I., Magalon, D., Fatseas, M., Luquiens, A., Brousse, G., Challet‐Bouju, G., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030424 · Cited by 16
“…symptom of GD than those who started gambling at the age of 18 or later.47 Early initiation is described as a marker of risk of GD in later life: Kessler et al (2008) found that the mean age at the onset of gambling was significantly lower among those who subsequently developed problem gambling…”
BackgroundMena-Moreno, T., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Granero, R., Munguía, L., Steward, T., López-González, H., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Lozano‐Madrid, M., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.621953 · Cited by 18
“The prevalence of GD has been estimated to range between 0.12 and 5.8% (Calado and Griffiths, 2016), and lifetime prevalence rates for GD have been estimated to be around 0.5% (Petry et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialTreatment Utilization of Pathological Gamblers with and without PTSD
Najavits, L. M. (2010) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-010-9179-z · Cited by 16
“Every study thus far has found low treatment utilization by those with PG for their gambling problems (Suurvali et al. 2008; Kessler et al. 2008; Pulford et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialIrles, D. L., Montesinos, R., & Capafons, A. (2013) · International Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hypnosis · doi:10.1080/00207144.2013.841474 · Cited by 16
“Pathological gambling is a broad problem with serious consequences for individuals and society (Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAdaptation Study of the Turkish Version of the Gambling-Related Cognitions Scale (GRCS-T)
Arcan, K., & Karanci, A. N. (2013) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9414-5 · Cited by 16
Leppink, E. W., & Grant, J. E. (2015) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012371502700104 · Cited by 16
Maremmani, A. G. I., Gazzarrini, D., Fiorin, A., Cingano, V., Bellio, G., Perugi, G., & Maremmani, I. (2018) · Annals of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12991-018-0173-7 · Cited by 16
“96% of individuals with lifetime GD also meet the criteria for at least one other lifetime psychiatric disorder [32].”
Kapsomenakis, A., Simos, P. G., Konstantakopoulos, G., & Kasselimis, D. S. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9758-y · Cited by 15
“From a clinical perspective, PG is connected with high levels of co-morbidity with a variety of disorders (Kessler et al. 2008; Petry et al. 2005).”
BackgroundWhiting, S. W., Hoff, R. A., Balodis, I. M., & Potenza, M. N. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9809-4 · Cited by 16
“1999) and may encounter contextual factors in a gambling environment, only a small percentage of individuals (under 5%) experience gambling problems, with prevalence estimates for pastyear pathological gambling typically reported as less than 1% (Kessler et al. 2008; Petry 2005).”
Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Giménez, M., Granero, R., López-González, H., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., Baenas, I., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Codina, E., Mena-Moreno, T., et al. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00101 · Cited by 16
“More recent data also puts the onset closer to 25 years (23 years) (Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundThe bidirectional relationship between gambling and addictive substances
Bussu, A., & Detotto, C. (2015) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2015.1042493 · Cited by 15
“Following Ladouceur et al. (1984), BET can be taken as a proxy of involvement of players in gambling since, controlling for a set of individual characteristics, a higher amount of money spent on playing could probably be associated with higher addiction.”
InfluentialThe Effect of Shame and Self-Efficacy on Gambling Behaviour
de Ridder, B., & Deighton, R. M. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10059-6 · Cited by 16
“Of particular interest is the emotion of shame (e.g., Gainsbury et al., 2014; Gupta & Derevensky, 1998; Horch & Hodgins, 2015; Kessler et al., 2008; Porter, Ungar, Frisch, & Chopra, 2004; Raylu et al., 2008; Rickwood et al., 2010; Schlagintweit et al., 2017; Ste-Marie et al., 2006; Yi & Kanetkar, 2011), which must be…”
BackgroundPredictors of adverse gambling behaviours amongst elite athletes
Turk, M., Murphy, C., McCaffrey, J., & Murray, K. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-27469-8 · Cited by 15
Estimated verbal IQ and the odds of problem gambling: a population-based study
Rai, D., Hall, W., Bebbington, P., Skapinakis, P., Hassiotis, A., Weich, S., Meltzer, H., Moran, P., Brugha, T. S., Strydom, A., et al. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713002195 · Cited by 15
“2009), but lower than lifetime and past 12-month prevalence rates in the USA (Kessler et al. 2008) and Canada respectively (Cox et al.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGambling and sexual behaviors in African-American adolescents
Martins, S. S., Lee, G. P., Kim, J. H., Letourneau, E. J., & Storr, C. L. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.02.002 · Cited by 16
“Such findings show that gambling youth are not only at risk of gambling problems, which are associated with numerous adverse interpersonal, financial, criminal, and psychiatric consequences (Bellringer et al., 2009; Kessler et al., 2008; Korman et al., 2008; Williams, Royston, & Hagen, 2005), but also at risk for sex-…”
Andrade, L. F., & Petry, N. M. (2014) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0036153 · Cited by 16
“Epidemiological data, for instance, indicate that although African Americans are less likely to gamble in their lifetimes than Whites, African Americans have a greater likelihood of developing gambling problems once they start gambling (Kessler et al., 2008; Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundJoint statement on dual disorders: Addiction and other mental disorders
Szerman, N., Sociedad Española de Patología Dual, M., Martı́nez-Raga, J., Baler, R., Roncero, C., Vega, P., Basurte-Villamor, I., Grau‐López, L., Torrens, M., Casas, M., et al. (2017) · Salud Mental · doi:10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2017.031 · Cited by 15
A Comparison of Self-Reported Impulsivity in Gambling Disorder and Bipolar Disorder
Shakeel, M. K., Hodgins, D. C., & Goghari, V. M. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9808-5 · Cited by 15
Interoception and respiratory sinus arrhythmia in gambling disorder
Kennedy, D., Goshko, C., Murch, W. S., Limbrick‐Oldfield, E. H., Dunn, B. D., & Clark, L. (2019) · Psychophysiology · doi:10.1111/psyp.13333 · Cited by 15
Hammond, C. J., Shirk, S. D., Foster, D. W., Potenza, N. B., Kraus, S. W., Mayes, L. C., Hoff, R. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2019) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000472 · Cited by 17
“…gamble recreationally without problems, approximately 0.4 to 1% exhibit lifetime pathological gambling (PG), now termed gambling disorder (GD) in the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM-5) (American Psychiatric Association, 2013; Kessler et al., 2008; Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialGambling Control and Public Health: Let’s Be Honest
Shaffer, H. J., Blaszczynski, A. P., & Ladouceur, R. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00240-0 · Cited by 15
“demonstrated that the vast majority of people who develop gambling addiction evidence mental health problems that are antecedent to the gambling disorder (Kessler et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationQuoilin, C., Grandjean, J., & Duqué, J. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00639 · Cited by 13
“Indeed, many GDPs show high extent of comorbidity with alcohol and substance use disorders (96), preventing them from participating in experiments aiming at assessing the neuropsychological profile exclusively associated with GD.”
BackgroundPrevalence of Problem Gambling in Iowa: Revisiting Shaffer'S Adaptation Hypothesis
Black, D. W., McCormick, B. A., Losch, M. E., Shaw, M. C., Lutz, G. M., & Allen, J. (2012) · Annals of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/104012371202400405 · Cited by 15
Palmer, L., Brooks, G. A., & Clark, L. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-02766-1 · Cited by 20
“The sample for this study focuses on young adults aged 19–25, as an age window characterized by high involvement in video gaming, and we reasoned that (legal) initiation of gambling as our target variable would increase in incidence during this period [22].”
Mauro, L. D., Vergallito, A., Gattavara, G., Juris, L., Gallucci, A., Vedani, A., Cappelletti, L., Farneti, P. M., & Lauro, L. J. R. (2023) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci13040698 · Cited by 14
“As GD patients often exhibit mood disorders [8,9,11], we ran an exploratory meta-”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGrubbs, J. B., Chapman, H., Milner, L. A., Floyd, C. G., & Kraus, S. W. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107840 · Cited by 14
Increased impulsivity in pathological gambling: Considering nicotine dependence
Kräplin, A., Behrendt, S., Scherbaum, S., Dshemuchadse, M., Bühringer, G., & Goschke, T. (2015) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1018145 · Cited by 14
“ND displays the highest comorbidity rates with PG with lifetime prevalence rates of around 60% (Kessler et al., 2008; Petry et al., 2005).”
BackgroundSelf-Generated Motives for Not Gambling Among Young Adult Non-gamblers
Rash, C. L., & McGrath, D. S. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9656-0 · Cited by 14
“Furthermore, GD is highly comorbid with problematic drinking and other substance use in this age group (Afifi et al. 2016; Grant et al. 2002; Kessler et al. 2008).”
BackgroundEcheburúa, E., Departamento de Personalidad, E. Y. T. P., Amor, P. J., Gómez, M., Departamento de Psicología de la Personalidad, E. Y. T. P., & Instituto de formación continua-IL3, U. D. B. (2017) · Salud Mental · doi:10.17711/sm.0185-3325.2017.038 · Cited by 14
“In general, about .8% - 1.5% of the adult population can be classified as probable individuals with GD while the prevalence of problem gambling is 2.5% (Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialAn empirical review of gambling expansion and gambling-related harm
LaPlante, D. A., Gray, H. M., Williams, P. M., & Nelson, S. E. (2018) · SUCHT - Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis / Journal of Addiction Research and Practice · doi:10.1024/0939-5911/a000563 · Cited by 14
Characteristics and risk factorsof gambling disorder as basisfor responsible gambling strategies
Kräplin, A., & Goudriaan, A. E. (2018) · SUCHT - Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft und Praxis / Journal of Addiction Research and Practice · doi:10.1024/0939-5911/a000559 · Cited by 16
Modeling intrinsic spirituality in gambling disorder
Gavriel‐Fried, B., Moretta, T., & Potenza, M. N. (2019) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2019.1622002 · Cited by 14
“…behavior and preoccupation which generates harm to the individual and others in their surroundings, and is often related to other psychiatric symptoms and disorders including depression and anxiety disorders (Kessler et al. 2008; Lorains et al. 2011; Grant and Chamberlain 2015).”
BackgroundGambling Problems and Military- and Health-Related Behaviour in UK Armed Forces Veterans
Roberts, E., Dighton, G., Fossey, M. J., Hogan, L., Kitchiner, N., Rogers, R. D., & Dymond, S. (2019) · Military Behavioral Health · doi:10.1080/21635781.2019.1644263 · Cited by 14
“…2016) have reported a problem gambling prevalence rate of 4.2% in a US Armed Forces sample, which is almost twice that found in civilian samples (Kessler et al., 2008) and over four times higher than the general population prevalence rate in the UK (Gambling Commission, 2017; Wardle, Griffiths,…”
InfluentialBaumgartner, C., Bilevicius, E., Khazaal, Y., Achab, S., Schaaf, S., Wenger, A., Haug, S., Keough, M. T., Hodgins, D. C., & Schaub, M. P. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-032110 · Cited by 16
Prevalence of problem gambling among Japanese adults
Mori, T., & Goto, R. (2020) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2020.1713852 · Cited by 14
“, 2011); intermediate rates in North America (Kessler et al., 2008; Marshall & Wynne, 2004) and Australia (Commission, 1999), and higher rates in Asia, particularly Singapore (Tse, Hong, & Ng, 2013),Macau (Davis &Ozorio, 2005), andHongKong (Chan, Dowling, Jackson, & Shek, 2016).”
BackgroundResultDavranış Bağımlılığına Sahip Müracaatçılara Yönelik Sosyal Hizmet Uygulamaları Üzerine Bir Tartışma
Yanardağ, M. Z., BİLGE, M., & Yanardağ, U. (2020) · Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sağlık Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi · doi:10.34087/cbusbed.713866 · Cited by 16
Black, D. W., Allen, J., & Bormann, N. L. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10000-x · Cited by 14
Terrone, G., Gori, A., Topino, E., Musetti, A., Scarinci, A., Guccione, C., & Caretti, V. (2021) · Journal of Personalized Medicine · doi:10.3390/jpm11030228 · Cited by 16
“Therefore, the early onset of this disorder can have a potentially devastating effect on the individual’s development, which is strongly associated with a more serious and chronic course of the disease as well as with various comorbidities [66,67].”
BackgroundFink, A., Parhami, I., Rosenthal, R. J., Campos, M. D., Siani, A., & FONG, T. W. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2012.03911.x · Cited by 15
“Because pathological gamblers often suffer significant adverse consequences [3,4], there is a critical need to identify and develop effective interventions for these individuals [5–7].”
Kohler, D. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Issues · doi:10.4309/jgi.2014.29.9 · Cited by 14
“On the other hand, mood and anxiety disorders have also been found to predate and predict the onset of pathological gambling (e.g., Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAndrade, L. F., Alessi, S. M., & Petry, N. M. (2013) · Journal of Psychoactive Drugs · doi:10.1080/02791072.2013.803645 · Cited by 15
“pathological gambling) have high rates of both alcohol use and smoking when each substance use problem is assessed individually (Kessler et al. 2008; Petry, Stinson & Grant 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialRudd, C., & Thomas, S. D. M. (2015) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-015-9604-8 · Cited by 14
“In terms of temporal relationships, Kessler et al. (2008) found that while mood and anxiety disorders preceded problem gambling, the opposite was true for substance use disorders, which generally developed prior to the onset of gambling behaviours.”
BackgroundInfluentialGambling Problems Among Community Cocaine Users
Dufour, M., Nguyen, N., Bertrand, K., Perreault, M., Jutras‐Aswad, D., Morvannou, A., Bruneau, J., Berbiche, D., & Roy, É. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9594-x · Cited by 14
Reactive and proactive control mechanisms of response inhibition in gambling disorder
Sharif-Razi, M., Hodgins, D. C., & Goghari, V. M. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.12.049 · Cited by 17
Gambling Behavior and Risk Factors in Preadolescent Students: A Cross Sectional Study
Vegni, N., Melchiori, F. M., D’Ardia, C., Prestano, C., Canu, M., Piergiovanni, G., & Filippo, G. D. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01287 · Cited by 15
The effects of alcohol on sequential decision-making biases during gambling
Tobias‐Webb, J., Limbrick‐Oldfield, E. H., Vearncombe, S., Duka, T., & Clark, L. (2019) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-019-05376-z · Cited by 15
Pathological Gambling: Clinical Gender Differences
González–Ortega, I., Echeburúa, E., de Corral, P., & Polo-López, R. (2014) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-05870-2_32 · Cited by 14
Gambling Disorder Symptoms, Suicidal Ideation, and Suicide Attempts
Lee, K., Kim, H., & Kim, Y. (2021) · Psychiatry Investigation · doi:10.30773/pi.2020.0035 · Cited by 13
Metadata
- Authors
- Kessler, R. C., Hwang, I., LaBrie, R., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Winters, K. C., & Shaffer, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Cambridge Health Alliance (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, R. C.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2008-02-07
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1351-1360
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC2293303
- OpenAlex
- W2121784510
- Cited by
- 928
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 40.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- John W. Alden Trust
- World Health Organization
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- Johnson and Johnson
- Pan American Health Organization
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R01‐MH070884, U01-MH-60220, U13MH066849, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (R01-TW006481, R03TW006481)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, problem gambling, prevalence, age of onset, comorbidities, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, impulse control disorders, substance use disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance dependence, gambling losses, treatment utilization, DSM-IV diagnostic criteria
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Data Collection, Ethnicity, Female, Gambling, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Odds Ratio, Age of Onset, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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