Subtyping Pathological Gamblers Based on Impulsivity, Depression, and Anxiety
Open accessAbstract
This study examined putative subtypes of pathological gamblers (PGs) based on the Pathways model, and it also evaluated whether the subtypes would benefit differentially from treatment. Treatment-seeking PGs (N = 229) were categorized into Pathways subtypes based on scores from questionnaires assessing anxiety, depression, and impulsivity. The Addiction Severity Index-Gambling assessed severity of gambling problems at baseline, posttreatment, and 12-month follow-up. Compared with behaviorally conditioned (BC) gamblers, emotionally vulnerable (EV) gamblers had higher psychiatric and gambling severity, and were more likely to have a parent with a psychiatric history. Antisocial impulsive (AI) gamblers also had elevated gambling and psychiatric severity relative to BC gamblers. They were more likely to have antisocial personality disorder and had the highest legal and family/social severity scores. They were also most likely to have a history of substance abuse treatment, history of inpatient psychiatric treatment, and a parent with a substance use or gambling problem. AI and EV gamblers experienced greater gambling severity throughout treatment than BC gamblers, but all three subtypes demonstrated similar patterns of treatment response. Thus, the three Pathways subtypes differ on some baseline characteristics, but subtyping did not predict treatment outcomes beyond a simple association with problem gambling severity. © 2010 American Psychological Association.
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Claims the paper makes
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- Premisecitation
Pathological gamblers are generally more impulsive than non-pathological gamblers.
“Further, studies reveal that PGs are generally more impulsive than non-PGs (Ledgerwood, Alessi, Phoenix, & Petry, 2009; Petry, 2001; Steel & Blaszczynski, 1998; Vitaro, Arseneault, & Tremblay, 1999).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked- cites Ledgerwood, Alessi, Phoenix, & Petry, 2009 source
- cites Petry, 2001 source
- cites Steel & Blaszczynski, 1998 source
The Introduction concludes that pathological gamblers show elevated impulsivity compared with the general population, and the Discussion’s Table 2 reports higher impulsivity scores for the study’s clinical sample than for normative controls. The Discussion cautions that the relationship has only been demonstrated in clinical populations and that it remains unknown whether elevated impulsivity also occurs among non-problem gamblers. The claim’s general comparison with all non-pathological gamblers therefore goes beyond what the paper establishes. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
- Findingown data
Among treatment-seeking pathological gamblers, the Emotionally Vulnerable subtype had greater psychiatric and gambling severity at baseline than the Behaviorally Conditioned subtype.
“Compared with Behaviorally Conditioned (BC) gamblers, Emotionally Vulnerable (EV) gamblers had higher psychiatric and gambling severity, and were more likely to have a parent with a psychiatric history.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The Antisocial Impulsive subtype was more likely to meet criteria for antisocial personality disorder than the Behaviorally Conditioned subtype.
“They were more likely to have antisocial personality disorder and had the highest legal and family/social severity scores.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
All three Pathways subtypes showed similar patterns of treatment response.
“AI and EV gamblers experienced greater gambling severity throughout treatment than BC gamblers, but all three subtypes demonstrated similar patterns of treatment response.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The Emotionally Vulnerable subtype was more likely than the Behaviorally Conditioned subtype to have a parent with a psychiatric history.
“Compared with Behaviorally Conditioned (BC) gamblers, Emotionally Vulnerable (EV) gamblers had higher psychiatric and gambling severity, and were more likely to have a parent with a psychiatric history.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Findingown data
The Antisocial Impulsive subtype was most likely to have a history of substance abuse treatment.
“They were also most likely to have a history of substance abuse treatment, history of inpatient psychiatric treatment, and a parent with a substance use or gambling problem.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The Antisocial Impulsive subtype was most likely to have a parent with a substance use or gambling problem.
“They were also most likely to have a history of substance abuse treatment, history of inpatient psychiatric treatment, and a parent with a substance use or gambling problem.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The Antisocial Impulsive subtype had higher gambling and psychiatric severity at baseline than the Behaviorally Conditioned subtype.
“Antisocial Impulsive (AI) gamblers also had elevated gambling and psychiatric severity relative to BC gamblers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The Antisocial Impulsive and Emotionally Vulnerable subtypes had greater gambling severity throughout treatment than the Behaviorally Conditioned subtype.
“AI and EV gamblers experienced greater gambling severity throughout treatment than BC gamblers, but all three subtypes demonstrated similar patterns of treatment response.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The Antisocial Impulsive subtype had the highest legal and family/social severity scores among the subtypes.
“They were more likely to have antisocial personality disorder and had the highest legal and family/social severity scores.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The Antisocial Impulsive subtype was most likely to have a history of inpatient psychiatric treatment.
“They were also most likely to have a history of substance abuse treatment, history of inpatient psychiatric treatment, and a parent with a substance use or gambling problem.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
AI gamblers were most likely to have a history of drug or alcohol treatment.
“As predicted, they also were most likely to have a history of drug or alcohol treatment, and a history of inpatient psychiatric hospitalization (p < .05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
AI participants had the lowest education levels overall.
“Significant differences were also found for level of education completed, with AI participants having the lowest education levels overall (p < .05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Significant pathway subtype differences were found for three ASI scales at baseline: Legal, Family/Social and Psychiatric.
“As shown in Table 2, significant pathway subtype differences were found for three ASI scales at baseline: Legal, Family/Social and Psychiatric.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
EV gamblers had lower lifetime SOGS scores than those in the AI subtype.
“EV gamblers had lower lifetime SOGS scores than those in the AI subtype.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Between subjects comparisons revealed significant differences among pathways subtypes, with participants in the EV and AI subtypes having higher ASI-G scores at all time points relative to those in the BC subtypes.
“Between subjects comparisons revealed significant differences among pathways subtypes (F(2,161) = 17.1, p < .001) with participants in the EV and AI subtypes having higher ASI-G scores at all time points relative to those in the BC subtypes.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Repeating all analyses with high impulsivity, low anxiety/depression individuals included in the AI group yielded primarily the same results, with six exceptions.
“We repeated all of the analyses with the high impulsivity, low anxiety/depression individuals included in the AI group. The results were primarily the same with six exceptions: 1) ASI Legal composite was now significantly higher in the AI than EV gamblers; 2) AI and EV gamblers were no longer different from each other on the ASI Psychiatric factor; 3) significant omnibus differences were found for”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The AI subtype reported significantly poorer emotional coping than the BC subtype.
“A significant main effect of subtype was found for emotional coping styles (p < .05), and post hoc analysis revealed that the AI subtype reported significantly poorer emotional coping than the BC subtype.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
EV gamblers did not experience significantly poorer emotional coping skills than BC gamblers.
“We found, for example, that while emotional coping differed between subtypes, EV gamblers did not experience significantly poorer emotional coping skills than BC gamblers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
Participants generally showed greater improvement in individual CBT.
“We found a significant main effect for treatment condition revealing that participants generally showed greater improvement in individual CBT, but no significant pathways subtype X treatment condition interaction was evident.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingreasoning
AI and EV participants still exhibited elevated problem gambling severity at the end of treatment and during the follow-up period relative to the BC gamblers.
“Because of their initially greater problem gambling severity, AI and EV participants still exhibited elevated problem gambling severity at the end of treatment and during the follow-up period relative to the BC gamblers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The AI subtype scored significantly higher on the Family/Social composite score than the BC participants.
“The AI subtype also scored significantly higher on the Family/Social composite score (which assesses severity of current problems, such as family conflict) than the BC participants (p < .05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
No significant pathways subtype X treatment condition interaction was evident.
“We found a significant main effect for treatment condition revealing that participants generally showed greater improvement in individual CBT, but no significant pathways subtype X treatment condition interaction was evident.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
The time X pathway subtype interaction was not significant.
“However, contrary to our initial predictions, the time X pathway subtype interaction (F(4,322) = .63, p = .64), the pathway subtype X treatment condition interaction (F(4,161) = 0.51, p = .59) and the time X pathway subtype X treatment condition interaction (F(8,322) = 1.19, p = .30) were not significant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The AI subtype scored higher on the Psychiatric composite score than the EV participants.
“Finally, as we hypothezied, both the EV and AI gamblers scored significantly higher than the BC gamblers on the Psychiatric composite score (which assesses overall severity of current psychiatric symptoms), and the AI subtype scored higher on this scale than the EV participants (p < .05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
AI gamblers were significantly more likely to have a parent with a history of addiction (alcohol, drug or gambling problem) compared to the other subtypes.
“Compared to the other subtypes, AI gamblers were significantly more likely to have a parent with a history of addiction (i.e., alcohol, drug or gambling problem; p < .05)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Both EV and AI gamblers scored significantly higher than BC gamblers on the Psychiatric composite score.
“Finally, as we hypothezied, both the EV and AI gamblers scored significantly higher than the BC gamblers on the Psychiatric composite score (which assesses overall severity of current psychiatric symptoms), and the AI subtype scored higher on this scale than the EV participants (p < .05).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
BC gamblers were the smallest group in the current study.
“BC gamblers were the smallest group in the current study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Both EV and AI gamblers were more likely than BC gamblers to have a parent with a history of psychiatric problems.
“both EV and AI gamblers were more likely than BC gamblers to have a parent with a history of psychiatric problems (p < .05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Subtypes did not differ on rates of gambling-related illegal behaviors in the year prior to seeking treatment.
“Contrary to our hypothesis, subtypes did not differ on rates of gambling-related illegal behaviors in the year prior to seeking treatment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
AI participants scored significantly higher than EV participants on the Legal composite score.
“Pairwise comparisons of Legal composite scores (which assesses legal problem severity) revealed that the AI participants scored significantly higher than the EV participants (p < .05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
At the final follow-up, BC participants were more likely to be asymptomatic (completely free of symptoms on the SOGS; 38.2%) than EV (17.4%) and AI (20.6%) gamblers.
“At the final follow-up, BC participants were more likely to be asymptomatic (i.e., completely free of symptoms on the SOGS; 38.2%) than were EV (17.4%) and AI (20.6%) gamblers (χ2 (2,171) = 5.94, p = .051).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
AI gamblers did not begin gambling at a significantly younger age than the other subtypes.
“Contrary to the hypothesis, AI gamblers did not begin gambling at a significantly younger age than the other subtypes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
BC gamblers were more likely to no longer score higher than 5 on the SOGS at final follow up (76.5%) compared with EV (40.6%) and AI (38.2%) gamblers.
“BC gamblers were also more likely to no longer score higher than 5 on the SOGS at final follow up (76.5%) compared with EV (40.6%) and AI (38.2%) gamblers (χ2 (2,171) = 15.10, p = .001).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
AI gamblers were more likely than the other two subtypes to meet diagnostic criteria for ASPD.
“As hypothesized, AI gamblers were more likely than the other two subtypes to meet diagnostic criteria for ASPD (p < .001; Table 1).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
BC gamblers had the lowest scores on the lifetime and past-month SOGS and on the ASI-G.
“As predicted, BC gamblers had the lowest scores on the lifetime and past-month SOGS and on the ASI-G (p’s < .05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The pathway subtype X treatment condition interaction was not significant.
“However, contrary to our initial predictions, the time X pathway subtype interaction (F(4,322) = .63, p = .64), the pathway subtype X treatment condition interaction (F(4,161) = 0.51, p = .59) and the time X pathway subtype X treatment condition interaction (F(8,322) = 1.19, p = .30) were not significant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
A significant interaction occurred between time and study treatment condition.
“A significant interaction occurred between time and study treatment condition (F(4,322) = 2.39, p < .05; data not shown).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
ASI-G scores declined significantly over time.
“ASI-G scores declined significantly over time (F(2,322) = 135.82, p < .001; see Figure 3).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
A significant main effect of subtype was found for emotional coping styles.
“A significant main effect of subtype was found for emotional coping styles (p < .05), and post hoc analysis revealed that the AI subtype reported significantly poorer emotional coping than the BC subtype.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
AI gamblers were most likely to have a history of inpatient psychiatric hospitalization.
“As predicted, they also were most likely to have a history of drug or alcohol treatment, and a history of inpatient psychiatric hospitalization (p < .05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Women were over represented among the gamblers in the EV subtype relative to the other two subtypes.
“Women were over represented among the gamblers in the EV subtype relative to the other two subtypes (p < .01).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
The time X pathway subtype X treatment condition interaction was not significant.
“However, contrary to our initial predictions, the time X pathway subtype interaction (F(4,322) = .63, p = .64), the pathway subtype X treatment condition interaction (F(4,161) = 0.51, p = .59) and the time X pathway subtype X treatment condition interaction (F(8,322) = 1.19, p = .30) were not significant.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Subtyping did not predict treatment outcomes beyond a simple association with problem gambling severity.
“Thus, the three Pathways subtypes differ based on some baseline characteristics, but subtyping did not predict treatment outcomes beyond a simple association with problem gambling severity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The three Pathways subtypes differ on some baseline characteristics.
“Thus, the three Pathways subtypes differ based on some baseline characteristics, but subtyping did not predict treatment outcomes beyond a simple association with problem gambling severity.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
Few studies have directly assessed the Pathways Model.
“Although PGs suffer from emotional dysregulation and impulsive tendencies consistent with Pathways subtypes, few studies have directly assessed the Pathways Model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisereasoning
No study known to the authors has examined how putative pathological gambling subtypes respond to treatment interventions.
“In summary, only a handful of studies have examined subtypes of PGs. No study to our knowledge has examined how these putative subtypes of PGs respond to treatment interventions.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
Project Match demonstrated little benefit of attempting to match patients to specific treatments based on initial clinical presentation.
“Similarly, Project Match (Project Match Treatment Group, 1997) demonstrated little benefit of attempting to match patients to specific treatments based on initial clinical presentation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Project Match Treatment Group, 1997
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- Interpretationown data
Evaluation of gambling severity may be the most important predictor of outcomes in response to the treatments evaluated in this study.
“Evaluation of gambling severity may be the most important predictor of outcomes in response to the treatments evaluated in this study, but further examination of PG subtypes may be useful for understanding etiology and progression of the disorder.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The study used only treatment-seeking PGs.
“Another limitation is that we used only treatment-seeking PGs for the current investigation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Initial hypotheses concerning the use of the Pathways Model to predict treatment outcome were largely disconfirmed.
“Our initial hypotheses concerning the use of the Pathways Model to predict treatment outcome were largely disconfirmed.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductcitation
The Addiction Severity Index has demonstrated reliability and validity, including in pathological gamblers.
“The ASI has demonstrated reliability and validity (Kosten, Rounsaville & Kleber, 1983; McLellan et al., 1985), including in PGs (Petry, 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked - Study design and conductown data
EV gamblers (14.8%) were significantly less likely to be lost to follow-up than either BC gamblers (31.3%) or AI gamblers (32.0%).
“EV gamblers (14.8%) were significantly less likely to be lost to follow-up than either BC gamblers (31.3%) or AI gamblers (32.0%; χ2(2)=7.87, p < .05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
This study provides evidence for the Pathways Model for subtyping PGs.
“This study provides evidence for the Pathways Model for subtyping PGs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationreasoning
These findings offer some confirmation of a subtype of PGs who do not experience significant impulsiveness and antisocial traits, but who do present with mood and anxiety problems.
“These finding offer some confirmation of a subtype of PGs who do not experience significant impulsiveness and antisocial traits, but who do present with mood and anxiety problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The study only evaluated CBT and GA referral treatments.
“We also only evaluated CBT and GA referral treatments, and it is possible that different gambling subtype by treatment effects may have emerged if other types of interventions were compared.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
The study provides an initial empirical evaluation of the Pathways Model.
“Overall, our study provides an initial empirical evaluation of the Pathways Model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The study found some evidence for the three pathways of Blaszczynski and Nower's (2002) etiological model.
“As predicted, we found some evidence for the three pathways of Blaszczynski and Nower’s (2002) etiological model.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blaszczynski and Nower’s (2002) source
- Study design and conductown data
Complete follow-up data were available for 171 participants, over 74% of the original randomized sample.
“Complete follow-up data were available for 171 participants (over 74% of the original randomized sample).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The presence of a mood disorder appears to be associated with a longer time to achieving stable abstinence.
“With regard to treatment, the presence of a mood disorder appears to be associated with longer time to achieving stable abstinence (Hodgins, Peden, & Cassidy, 2005).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Hodgins, Peden, & Cassidy, 2005 source
- Premisecitation
Patients randomly assigned to the individual therapy CBT condition showed more precipitous reductions in gambling over time than the other treatment conditions.
“Patients randomly assigned to the individual therapy CBT condition showed more precipitous reductions in gambling over time than the other treatment conditions as noted in the main outcome paper (see Petry et al., 2006).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Petry et al., 2006 source
- Interpretationreasoning
It is possible that BC gamblers are underrepresented in this study of treatment seekers because they experienced the fewest psychiatric problems and had the least severe gambling problems.
“Because these individuals experienced the fewest psychiatric problems and had the least severe gambling problems, it is possible that BC gamblers are underrepresented in this study of treatment seekers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Study design and conductown data
The study used current depression and anxiety symptoms to categorize PGs into a Pathways subtype.
“One important limitation of this study is that we used current depression and anxiety symptoms to categorize PGs into a Pathways subtype.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisenone given
The Pathways Model does not predict that AI gamblers would show the same marked improvements over time as other subtypes of gamblers.
“and the Pathways Model does not predict that AI gamblers would show the same marked improvements over time as other subtypes of gamblers.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Interpretationown data
Subtyping PGs based on the Pathways Model may not be a useful tool for making recommendations for the specific type of treatment, at least not with respect to CBT and GA referral treatments.
“Based on these findings, it appears that subtyping PGs based on the Pathways Model may not be a useful tool for making recommendations for the specific type of treatment, at least not with respect to CBT and GA referral treatments.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
There appears to be a subtype of PGs with relatively less severe co-occurring psychosocial difficulties.
“First, there does appear to be a subtype of PGs with relatively less severe co-occurring psychosocial difficulties.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
The data support the conclusion that all three typologies improve at a similar rate.
“However, our data support the conclusion that all three typologies improve at a similar rate.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Interpretationown data
BC gamblers were more likely to be in recovery when they complete treatment.
“With regard to treatment outcome data, BC gamblers were more likely to be asymptomatic and to no longer meet PG criteria at the final follow up point, indicating that these individuals are more likely to be in recovery when they complete treatment.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
- May combine two claims. 24
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 24
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationEpidemiological research indicates that over half of pathological gamblers have a lifetime mood disorder, over 40% have a lifetime anxiety disorder, and about 23% have antisocial personality disorder.
“Epidemiological research indicates that over 50% of PGs have a lifetime mood disorder, over 40% have a lifetime anxiety disorder, and about 23% have ASPD (Kessler et al. 2008; Petry, Stinson & Grant, 2005).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked- cites Kessler et al. 2008 source
Table 2 in the Results reports that 55.6% of respondents with lifetime pathological gambling had a lifetime mood disorder and 60.3% had a lifetime anxiety disorder, supporting the first two thresholds. The Discussion says personality disorders were not considered in this paper's analysis, so it does not support the approximately 23% antisocial personality disorder figure. (LLM, conf=0.93)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured - cites Petry, Stinson & Grant, 2005 source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe treatment study included 231 participants, and complete data on 229 were available for subtype comparisons.
“In total, 231 participants were included in the treatment study. Complete data on 229 were available for comparisons between subtypes of gamblers on demographic, gambling, legal, psychosocial and drug use variables.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataNearly half of the participants in this study were women.
“It is also notable that nearly half of the participants in this study were women, as women have traditionally been under-represented in problem gambling research.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataSubtypes did not differ significantly on age of first gambling episode, number of days of gambling in the past month, or dollars gambled in the past month.
“Subtypes did not differ significantly on age of first gambling episode, number of days of gambling in the past month, or dollars gambled in the past month (all p’s > .05).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataPGs grouped into the more severe gambling subtypes (EV and AI) experience significantly elevated problem gambling severity throughout treatment and follow-up, but they did not experience a different pattern of recovery from the BC gamblers.
“Although we demonstrated that PGs who were grouped into the more severe gambling subtypes (EV and AI) experience significantly elevated problem gambling severity throughout treatment and follow-up, they did not experience a different pattern of recovery from the BC gamblers.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataParticipants reported gambling disorder severity ranging from mild to severe PG.
“Participants reported gambling disorder severity ranging from mild to severe PG.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe South Oaks Gambling Screen is a 20-item measure of pathological gambling based on DSM-III criteria with good convergent validity and reliability, and it can assess recent and lifetime gambling problems.
“The SOGS is a 20-item measure of PG based on DSM-III diagnostic criteria, with good convergent validity and reliability (Lesieur & Blume, 1987; Stinchfield, 2002; Strong, Leiseur, Breen, Stinchfield & Lejuez, 2004) and can assess both recent and lifetime gambling problems.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationEach Pathways subtype is theorized to develop pathological gambling through different factors.
“Theoretically, each subtype develops PG via different factors.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blaszczynski and Nower (2002) source
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationEpidemiological and treatment studies support that pathological gamblers as a group have emotional vulnerabilities and that substantial proportions have antisocial personality disorder and impulsive traits.
“Substantive data from epidemiological and treatment studies support the contention that PGs as whole have emotional vulnerabilities and large proportions suffer from antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) and impulsive traits.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationThe Pathways Model posits three subtypes of pathological gamblers: Behaviorally Conditioned, Emotionally Vulnerable, and Antisocial-Impulsive.
“According to this model, three different subtypes of pathological gamblers (PGs) exist: Behavioral Conditioned (BC), Emotionally Vulnerable (EV) and Antisocial-Impulsive (AI).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blaszczynski and Nower (2002) source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationAntisocial-Impulsive gamblers are considered the most disturbed subtype, characterized by high trait impulsivity, neurological dysfunction, and elevated psychopathology.
“Finally, Blaszczynski and Nower (2002) consider the AI gamblers to be the most disturbed subtype.”
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
“Unlike the other subtypes, AI gamblers are characterized by high levels of trait impulsivity and neurological dysfunction, which, in combination with elevated psychopathology, are considered unique etiological factors that lead to their gambling problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blaszczynski and Nower (2002) source
- Also stated in: § Abstract · plain
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe study was approved by the University of Connecticut School of Medicine Institutional Review Board, and participants gave written informed consent before participation.
“The Institutional Review Board at the University of Connecticut School of Medicine approved the study, and participants provided written informed consent prior to study participation.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationEmotionally Vulnerable gamblers are theorized to use gambling to regulate painful affect, have poor emotional coping, and experience depression or anxiety before their gambling problems.
“However, they differ from BC gamblers in that they use gambling as a way to modulate painful affect. These individuals ostensibly have poor emotional coping skills, and they purportedly experience depression and/or anxiety before their gambling problems, which they attempt to ameliorate by gambling.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blaszczynski and Nower (2002) source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
PremisecitationBlaszczynski and Nower proposed the Pathways Model as an etiological framework for pathological gambling.
“Blaszczynski and Nower (2002) proposed the Pathways Model as an etiological framework for understanding PG.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blaszczynski and Nower (2002) source
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBehaviorally Conditioned gamblers are theorized to develop gambling problems through repeated exposure to gambling, with problems maintained by behavioral contingencies of the games.
“BC gamblers purportedly develop PG via repeated exposure to gambling, and gambling problems are maintained through the behavioral contingencies associated with the games (Blasczcynski & Nower, 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blasczcynski & Nower, 2002
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductnone givenThe study had a large sample size, used random assignment to the three treatment conditions, and included a one-year follow-up with sufficient follow-up rates.
“Additionally, we had a large sample size, used random assignment to the three treatment conditions, and included a one-year follow-up with sufficient follow-up rates.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataThis finding is contrary to the literature that suggests depression among PGs may be associated with poorer coping and the initial hypothesis of the Pathways Model that these individuals have poorer coping skills.
“This finding is contrary to the literature that suggests depression among PGs may be associated with poorer coping (Getty, Watson, & Frisch, 2000), and the initial hypothesis of the Pathways Model that these individuals have poorer coping skills (Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductreasoningSeveral univariate tests were used, which increases family-wise error rate.
“Finally, several univariate tests were used, which increases family-wise error rate.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationOther studies have found that impulsivity is associated with poor treatment response.
“Other studies have found that impulsivity is associated with poor treatment response (Maccallum, Blaszczynski, Ladouceur, & Nower, 2007; Leblond, Ladouceur, & Blaszczynski, 2003)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe remaining 61 participants either did not complete the 6- and 12-month follow-up assessment, or were missing data on one or more measure, preventing their inclusion.
“The remaining 61 participants either did not complete the 6- and 12-month follow-up assessment, or were missing data on one or more measure, preventing their inclusion.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationThe Emotional Subscale of the Coping Strategies Scale has evidenced good psychometric qualities.
“In the present study, we focused on emotional coping, using the Emotional Subscale, which has evidenced good psychometric qualities (Litt et al., 2003; Petry et al., 2007).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Litt et al., 2003 source
- cites Petry et al., 2007
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationTreatment outcomes for substance dependent individuals with antisocial traits are often poorer than for those without such traits, suggesting that Antisocial-Impulsive gamblers may also not respond well to gambling treatment.
“Treatment outcomes for substance dependent individuals with antisocial traits are often poorer than for those without such traits (e.g., Compton, Cottler, Jacobs, Ben-Abdallah & Spitznagel, 2003; Woody, McLellan, Luborsky, & O’Brien, 1985), suggesting that AI gamblers may also not respond well to treatment for their gambling problems.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Compton, Cottler, Jacobs, Ben-Abdallah & Spitznagel, 2003
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
- cites Woody, McLellan, Luborsky, & O’Brien, 1985
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductown dataParticipants were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: Gamblers Anonymous referral, Gamblers Anonymous referral plus a CBT workbook, or Gamblers Anonymous referral plus eight sessions of individual CBT.
“After a baseline interview, participants were randomly assigned to one of three treatment conditions: 1) Gamblers Anonymous (GA) referral; 2) GA referral plus a CBT workbook; or 3) GA referral plus 8 sessions of individual CBT.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataMost hypotheses with regard to subtype assignment were confirmed by analyses of baseline data, suggesting that the Pathways Model may be a valid way of categorizing PGs.
“Most of our hypotheses with regard to subtype assignment were confirmed by our analyses of baseline data, suggesting that the Pathways Model may be a valid way of categorizing PGs.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.
Premisenone givenBehaviorally Conditioned gamblers are theorized to have the least severe gambling problems and to be unlikely to have substantial premorbid psychopathology.
“What sets the BC gamblers apart is that they have the least severe gambling problems and are unlikely to experience substantial premorbid psychopathology.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
PremisereasoningBehaviorally Conditioned gamblers are theorized to be the most amenable to change and to experience the greatest treatment success.
“Because of their relatively good premorbid functioning, BC gamblers may be the most amenable to change, and they may experience the greatest success in treatment.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductcitationThe Brief Symptom Inventory depression and anxiety scales showed good convergent validity compared with similar MMPI scales.
“Derogatis and Melisaratos (1983) reported that the depression and anxiety scales exhibited good convergent validity when compared with similar MMPI scales.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Derogatis and Melisaratos (1983) source
Classified as probably not a substantial claim.
Study design and conductcitationA South Oaks Gambling Screen score of 5 or more is generally considered indicative of meeting diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling when used with treatment-seeking problem gamblers.
“Scores of 5 or more are generally considered indicative of meeting diagnostic criteria for PG when the SOGS is used to assess treatment-seeking problem gamblers (Stinchfield, 2002).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Stinchfield, 2002 source
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataThe study did not assess the chronology of development of the PG and other psychopathology, nor did it assess psychiatric diagnoses.
“Thus, we did not assess the chronology of development of the PG and other psychopathology, nor did we assess psychiatric diagnoses.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe gambling severity index included in the Addiction Severity Index is valid and reliable.
“We also included a valid and reliable gambling severity index (Lesieur & Blume, 1992; Petry, 2003).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedClassified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.
PremisecitationBlaszczynski and Nower suggest that Emotionally Vulnerable gamblers may be more resistant to behavior change than Behaviorally Conditioned gamblers, and that treatment addressing both gambling and mood vulnerabilities may be needed for successful gambling reduction in this subtype.
“Consequently, Blaszczynski and Nower (2002) suggest that, in comparison to BC gamblers, EV gamblers may be more resistant to behavior change, and treatment interventions that address both problematic gambling and underlying mood vulnerabilities may be needed for a successful gambling reduction in this subtype.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Blaszczynski and Nower (2002) source
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductown dataAge, race, employment status and marital status were similar across subtypes.
“Age, race, employment status and marital status were similar across subtypes.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe Brief Symptom Inventory depression and anxiety scales have good validity and reliability.
“The depression and anxiety scales of the BSI have good validity and reliability (Derogatis, 1993), and were used to distinguish between participants with high and low anxiety and/or depression.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Derogatis, 1993
Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.
May combine two claims.
Study design and conductcitationThe gambling Time Line Follow-Back has good validity and reliability for assessing gambling.
“The G-TLFB has good validity and reliability in assessing gambling (Hodgins & Makarchuk, 2003; Weinstock, Whelan, & Meyers, 2004).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checkedProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataThe Emotional Scale of the Coping Strategies Scale had good internal consistency in the current sample, with Cronbach's alpha of 0.91.
“We found the Emotional Scale of the CSS to have good internal consistency in the current sample (Cronbach’s alpha = 0.91).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenParticipants in each Pathway subtype were equally likely to be randomly assigned to the three treatment conditions.
“Participants in each Pathway subtype were equally likely to be randomly assigned to the three treatment conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.
Study design and conductreasoningParticipants were not randomized based on their Pathway subtype assignment and had an equal chance of being in each of the three treatment conditions.
“Participants were not randomized based on their Pathway subtype assignment and had an equal chance of being in each of the three treatment conditions.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Interpretationown dataSeveral predictions made about the direction and statistical significance of variables were confirmed by the analyses, suggesting that the conclusions with regard to the pathways are sound.
“It is notable, however, that several of the predictions made about the direction and statistical significance of variables were confirmed by our analyses, suggesting that our conclusions with regard to the pathways are sound.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
The paper relies on this without support.
The anxiety, depression, and impulsivity questionnaire scores and the chosen cutoffs validly classify pathological gamblers into the three Pathways subtypes.
“Treatment-seeking PGs (N = 229) were categorized into Pathways subtypes based on scores from questionnaires assessing anxiety, depression and impulsivity.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Individuals who develop problems with different forms of gambling vary in demographic characteristics.
“Individuals who develop problems with different forms of gambling vary in terms of demographic characteristics (Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002; Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010; Petry, 2003a).”
From Internet gambling in problem gambling college students (2015) · cites this paper as Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010
The Results (page unavailable) report demographic differences among pathological-gambler subtypes: women were overrepresented in the emotionally vulnerable subtype, and the antisocial-impulsive subtype had lower educational attainment. Those subtypes are defined by impulsivity, depression, and anxiety—not by different forms of gambling—so the paper does not establish the claimed difference by gambling form. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Inconsistent p-value: F(4,322) = 2.39, p < .05
MinorThe paper reports p < .05 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .051. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .051
“F(4,322) = 2.39, p < .05”
Inconsistent p-value: F(4,161) = 0.51, p = .59
MinorThe paper reports p = .59 here; recomputing from the test statistic and its degrees of freedom gives p = .728. The check cannot tell whether the statistic or the p-value is the misprint.
Reported p = .59 · recomputed p = .728
“F(4,161) = 0.51, p = .59”
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upF(4, 322) = 2.39reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .051
“F(4,322) = 2.39, p < .05”
- Doesn’t add upF(4, 161) = 0.51reported p = .59 · recomputed p = .728
“F(4,161) = 0.51, p = .59”
- Consistentχ²(2) = 7.87reported p < .05 · recomputed p = .020
“χ2(2)=7.87, p < .05”
- ConsistentF(2, 322) = 135.82reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(2,322) = 135.82, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(2, 161) = 17.1reported p < .001 · recomputed p < .001
“F(2,161) = 17.1, p < .001”
- ConsistentF(4, 322) = 0.63reported p = .64 · recomputed p = .641
“F(4,322) = .63, p = .64”
- ConsistentF(8, 322) = 1.19reported p = .3 · recomputed p = .304
“F(8,322) = 1.19, p = .30”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Follow-up SOGS cutoff is stated two different ways
MinorThe analysis defines the follow-up outcome as a SOGS score below 5, while the results describe it as no longer scoring higher than 5. The latter includes a score of exactly 5; the former does not.
“BC gamblers were also more likely to no longer score higher than 5 on the SOGS at final follow up (76.5%)”
“One analysis examined differences in the number of PGs in each Pathways subtype who no longer scored 5 or higher on the SOGS (score < 5) at the final follow-up.”
Sensitivity analysis repeats an already significant legal-score comparison
MinorThe sensitivity analysis lists a significantly higher legal score for AI than EV gamblers as a change, but the original analysis already reports that same significant comparison.
“1) ASI Legal composite was now significantly higher in the AI than EV gamblers;”
“Pairwise comparisons of Legal composite scores (which assesses legal problem severity) revealed that the AI participants scored significantly higher than the EV participants (p < .05).”
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Self-citationPsychological Factors that Promote and Inhibit Pathological Gambling
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“The content of the sessions is more fully described elsewhere (Morasco, Weinstock, Ledgerwood, & Petry, 2007; Petry, 2005).”
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The subtyping of pathological gambling: A comprehensive review
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“Lesieur (2001) was able to establish the concurrent validity of his clusters by examining hypothesized differences on several gambling severity, gambling type, impulsivity, trauma, psychopathology, substance use, psychosocial, and personality variables.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationQuinte longitudinal study of gambling and problem gambling
Williams, R. J., Hann, R. G., Schopflocher, D., West, B. L., McLaughlin, P., White, N. J., King, K., & Flexhaug, T. (2015) · Open ULeth Scholarship (OPUS) (University of Lethbridge) · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Dowling, N. A., Cowlishaw, S., Jackson, A. C., Merkouris, S., Francis, K. L., & Christensen, D. R. (2014) · Journal of Personality Disorders · doi:10.1521/pedi_2014_28_168 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Compulsive features in behavioural addictions: the case of pathological gambling
el‐Guebaly, N., Mudry, T., Zohar, J., Tavares, H., & Potenza, M. N. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03546.x · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Clarifying gambling subtypes: the revised pathways model of problem gambling
Nower, L., Blaszczynski, A. P., & Li, W. (2021) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15745 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
“In addition, select studies have explored elements of the model [12], used a portion of the model to guide related investigations [2] or as a framework to guide additional investigations in the area [7].”
BackgroundToward a qualitative understanding of binge-watching behaviors: A focus group approach
Flayelle, M., Maurage, P., & Billieux, J. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.060 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“…of enhancement motives are also characterized as gambling for the “high” and its related excitement feelings (Bonnaire, Bungener, & Varescon, 2009; Ledgerwood & Petry, 2006, 2010; Stewart, Zack, Collins, Klein, & Fragopoulos, 2008; Turner, Jain, Spence, & Zangeneh, 2008; Vachon & Bagby, 2009)…”
A scoping review of co-morbidity in individuals with disordered gambling
Yakovenko, I., & Hodgins, D. (2018) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2017.1364400 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Components of Impulsivity in Gambling Disorder
Hodgins, D. C., & Holub, A. (2015) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-015-9572-z · Cited by 106 · see citing works
“A large group of studies have demonstrated a positive cross-sectional association with self-report measures of impulsivity and gambling involvement and gambling disorder in both clinical (Grall-Bronnec et al. 2012; Ledgerwood and Petry 2010; Billieux et al. 2012; Albein-Urios et al. 2012; Whiteside et al. 2005; Hwang…”
BackgroundComparative analysis of distinct phenotypes in gambling disorder based on gambling preferences
Moragas, L., Granero, R., Stinchfield, R. D., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Fröberg, F., Aymamí, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., Fagundo, A. B., Islam, M. A., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., et al. (2015) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-015-0459-0 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
“Gamblers have been classified according to whether the rewards associated with their gambling activity are immediate or delayed [8] and/or whether the activity is related to skills or chance [9,10].”
BackgroundResultPredictors of outcomes of psychological treatments for disordered gambling: A systematic review
Merkouris, S. S., Thomas, S. A., Browning, C. J., & Dowling, N. A. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.06.004 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“…et al. (2013) x x x 5 0% Milton et al. (2002) x x Petry et al. (2008) x Ramos-Grille et al. (2015) x Toneatto et al. (2002) x x Subtypes - behaviourally conditioned Ledgerwood and Petry (2010) + 1 100% Suicidal intent/ideation Abbott et al. (2013) x x x 2 0% Ladouceur et al. (2009) x Other…”
InfluentialPersonal Perspectives on Hypersexual Disorder
Reid, R. C. (2013) · Sexual Addiction & Compulsivity The Journal of Treatment and Prevention · doi:10.1080/10720162.2013.772876 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“…articles highlighting evidence of subtypes among these respective populations and their work provides a template for possible typologies that might exist among hypersexual individuals (Babor & Caetano, 2006; Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010; Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010; Thompson-Brenner & Westen, 2005).”
Getting a grip on problem gambling: what can neuroscience tell us?
Goudriaan, A., Yücel, M., & van Holst, R. V. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00141 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“…cycle in PG and PrG. Based on the results of these behavioral and physiological studies, and the negative finding from the one study focusing on the three subtypes of pathological gamblers (Ledgerwood and Petry, 2010), it is clear that more (neuro)biological research is needed into subtyping of PG.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialNower, L., Martins, S. S., Lin, K., & Blanco, C. (2012) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12012 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“Alegria AA, Petry NM, Hasin DS, Liu SM, Grant BF, Blanco C. Disordered gambling among racial and ethnic groups in the US: Results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions.”
InfluentialNeural and psychological underpinnings of gambling disorder: A review
Grant, J. E., Odlaug, B. L., & Chamberlain, S. R. (2015) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2015.10.007 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“One study identified three subtypes of gambling disorder based on self-report questionnaires measuring impulsivity, depression, and anxiety (Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010).”
Quaglieri, A., Biondi, S., Roma, P., Varchetta, M., Fraschetti, A., Burrai, J., Lausi, G., Vilar, M. M., González‐Sala, F., Domenico, A. D., et al. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm11010188 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“This hypothesis was first proposed by Blaszczynski and Nower [97], and subsequently elaborated by Ledgerwood and Petry [98] and Valleur et al. [99].”
MethodCosenza, M., & Nigro, G. (2015) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2015.08.015 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Gambling Problems and Alexithymia: A Systematic Review
Marchetti, D., Verrocchio, M. C., & Porcelli, P. (2019) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci9080191 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“, chance, slot machines) to cope with negative emotions experienced as a consequences of gambling losses [27,39,52].”
BackgroundDowling, N. A., Merkouris, S. S., & Lorains, F. K. (2016) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2016.02.012 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Comorbid Problem Gambling and Major Depression in a Community Sample
Quigley, L., Yakovenko, I., Hodgins, D. C., Dobson, K. S., el‐Guebaly, N., Casey, D. M., Currie, S. R., Smith, G. J., Williams, R. J., & Schopflocher, D. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9488-8 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Development and validation of the Gambling Pathways Questionnaire (GPQ).
Nower, L., & Blaszczynski, A. P. (2016) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000234 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“…2010, for a review), including subgroups characterized by personality, mood, and/or substance use problems or disorders (Chou & Afifi, 2011; Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010; Pietrzak & Petry, 2005; Sacco, Cunningham-Williams, Ostmann, & Spitznagel, 2008); impulsivity, sensation-seeking, and…”
Hellberg, S. N., Russell, T. I., & Robinson, M. J. F. (2019) · Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-018-00662-3 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“In addition, individuals with gambling disorder may have biological or behavioral vulnerability factors that confer an elevated risk for anxiety or substance-use disorders (Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010; Leeman & Potenza, 2012; Milosevic & Ledgerwood, 2010; Walther et al., 2012).”
Towards a Validation of the Three Pathways Model of Pathological Gambling
Groupe, J. E. U., Valleur, M., Codina, I., Vénisse, J.-L., Romo, L., Magalon, D., Fatseas, M., Chéreau, I., Gorsane, M.-A., Guilleux, A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9545-y · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“• The first group is classified as subcultural (Moran 1970), normal (Lesieur 2001), conditioned (Blaszczynski and Nower 2002; Ledgerwood and Petry 2010), social (Stewart and Zack 2008), simple gambler (Vachon and Bagby 2009).”
BackgroundBonnaire, C., Kovess–Masféty, V., Guignard, R., Richard, J., du Roscoät, E., & Beck, F. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9628-4 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Conversely, in females, who play more non-strategic games, the motivation that drives them to gamble is related to the avoidance of negative emotions (Ledgerwood and Petry 2006; Bonnaire et al. 2013), and thus with alcohol disorder, which probably has the same function (emotion regulation).”
BackgroundValidation of the Gambling Motives Questionnaire in Emerging Adults
Lambe, L. J., Mackinnon, S. P., & Stewart, S. H. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9467-0 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Is Pathological Gambling Moderated by Age?
Granero, R., Penelo, E., Stinchfield, R. D., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Savvidou, L. G., Fröberg, F., Aymamí, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., Pérez-Serrano, M., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., et al. (2013) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9369-6 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“These differences between studies could be explained if seen through the perspective of the heterogeneity of the disorder and the existence of subtypes of pathological gamblers (Alvarez-Moya et al. 2010; Blaszczynski and Nower 2002; Ledgerwood and Petry 2010; Milosevic and Ledgerwood 2010).”
BackgroundSubtyping Non-treatment-seeking Problem Gamblers Using the Pathways Model
Moon, M., Lister, J. J., Milosevic, A., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9658-y · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Overall, the nature and length of treatment required for EV and AI gamblers are likely to be significantly more intensive compared to that required for BC gamblers, which is consistent with the findings of Ledgerwood and Petry (2010).”
BackgroundResultSelf-citationPredicting treatment failure in pathological gambling: The role of personality traits
Ramos-Grille, I., Gomà-i-Freixanet, M., Aragay, N., Valero, S., & Vallès, V. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.12.010 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Mallorquí-Bagué, N., Tolosa-Sola, I., Fernández-Aranda, F., Granero, R., Fagundo, A., Lozano-Madrid, M., Mestre-Bach, G., Gómez-Peña, M., Aymamí, N., Borrás-González, I., et al. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9724-0 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Gambling Harm and Crime Careers
May‐Chahal, C., Humphreys, L., Clifton, A., Francis, B. J., & Reith, G. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9612-z · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“For example, Nower and Blaszczynski (2005) propose that youth impulsivity pathway gamblers are more resistant to treatment, whilst Ledgerwood and Petry (2010) found that sub-typing did not predict treatment outcomes.”
BackgroundHeterogeneity of Loss Aversion in Pathological Gambling
Takeuchi, H., Kawada, R., Tsurumi, K., Yokoyama, N., Takemura, A., Murao, T., Murai, T., & Takahashi, H. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9587-1 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Since the pathways model was first proposed, knowledge of personality traits in relation to PG has been growing rapidly (Bonnaire et al. 2009; Ledgerwood and Petry 2006; Ledgerwood and Petry 2010; Stewart et al. 2008; Turner et al. 2008; Vachon and Bagby 2009).”
BackgroundComparison of gambling profiles based on strategic versus non-strategic preferences
Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., & Menchón, J. M. (2019) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2019.09.001 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Loredo, V. M., Grande‐Gosende, A., Fernández‐Artamendi, S., Secades‐Villa, R., & Hermida, J. R. F. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-09824-x · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Personality dimensions and disorders in pathological gambling
Odlaug, B. L., Schreiber, L. R. N., & Grant, J. E. (2012) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32835997df · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“but are also characterized by high rates of psychopathology (especially personality disorders) and impulsivity [27].”
BackgroundRelationship between pathological gambling, alexithymia, and gambling type
Bonnaire, C., Barrault, S., Aïte, A., Cassotti, M., Moutier, S., & Varescon, I. (2017) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12506 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-reported impulsivity and inhibitory control in problem gamblers
Lorains, F., Stout, J., Bradshaw, J., Dowling, N., & Enticott, P. (2014) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2013.873773 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Blaszczynski and Nower’s (2002) pathways model describes an emotionally vulnerable problem gambling subtype, which is more common in women (Ledgerwood & Petry, 2006, 2010) and is characterized by elevated psychological distress and gambling for emotional escape, but not necessarily high impulsivity.”
BackgroundJara-Rizzo, M. F., Navas, J. F., Catena, A., & Perales, J. C. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09868-7 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Resting-state EEG activity related to impulsivity in gambling disorder
Lee, J. Y., Park, S. M., Kim, Y., Kim, D., Choi, S., Kwon, J., & Choi, J.-S. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.055 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“Ledgerwood and Petry (2010) revealed that antisocial-impulsive gamblers tend to not only have signi fi cant emotional vulnerability but also experience elevated psychopathology.”
BackgroundAge at onset of DSM-IV pathological gambling in a non-treatment sample: Early- versus later-onset
Black, D. W., Shaw, M. C., Coryell, W. H., Crowe, R., McCormick, B. A., & Allen, J. (2015) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2015.04.007 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“The more comprehensive “pathways” model integrates biological, developmental, and cognitive variables to describe three types of persons with PG [37,38].”
BackgroundInternet gambling in problem gambling college students
Petry, N. M., & Gonzalez-Ibanez, A. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-013-9432-3 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Individuals who develop problems with different forms of gambling vary in terms of demographic characteristics (Blaszczynski and Nower 2002; Ledgerwood and Petry 2010; Petry 2003a).”
BackgroundSelf-citationVaughan, E., & Flack, M. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10032-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…between problem gambling and depression is documented across many studies (e.g., Barrault et al., 2019; Bilevicius et al., 2018; Churchill & Farrell, 2018; Cowlishaw et al., 2016; Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010), the reasons behind this association are not well understood (Quigley et al., 2015).”
BackgroundJiménez-Murcia, S., Fernández-Aranda, F., Mestre-Bach, G., Granero, R., Tarrega, S., Torrubia, R., Aymamí, N., Gómez-Peña, M., Soriano-Mas, C., Steward, T., et al. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9631-9 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“In this sense, numerous studies have demonstrated that GD is a heterogonous disorder in which different subtypes can be identified depending upon the extent to which a series of biopsychosocial risk factors intervene (Alvarez-Moya et al. 2010; Blaszczynski and Nower 2002; Jiménez-Murcia et al. 2013; Ledgerwood and Pet…”
BackgroundSancho, M., de Gracia, M., Granero, R., González-Simarro, S., Sánchez, I., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Trujols, J., Mallorquí‐Bagué, N., Mestre‐Bach, G., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00625 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“Similarly, other authors (28, 29, 65) found a subtype of addicted gamblers who experience high levels of excitement and narcissistic traits.”
BackgroundManiaci, G., Cascia, C. L., Picone, F., Lipari, A., Cannizzaro, C., & Barbera, D. L. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.08.003 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Rodda, S. N., Lubman, D. I., Iyer, R., Gao, C. X., & Dowling, N. A. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12796 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Yokotani, K., Tamura, K., Kaneko, Y., & Kamimura, E. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09887-4 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“2016), and a literature review (Milosevic and Ledgerwood 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAymamí, N., Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Granero, R., Ramos‐Quiroga, J. A., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Claes, L., Sauvaget, A., Grall‐Bronnec, M., Gómez‐Peña, M., Savvidou, L. G., et al. (2015) · BioMed Research International · doi:10.1155/2015/965303 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Conflict of Interests The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper.”
BackgroundRamos-Grille, I., Gomà-i-Freixanet, M., Aragay, N., Valero, S., & Vallès, V. (2013) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/a0031930 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Stinchfield, R. D., Tremblay, J., Steward, T., Mestre‐Bach, G., Lozano‐Madrid, M., Mena-Moreno, T., Mallorquí‐Bagué, N., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00173 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Impulsivity and gambling: A complex clinical association across three measures.
Leppink, E. W., Redden, S., & Grant, J. (2016) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12341 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
An 8-week stress management program in pathological gamblers: A pilot randomized controlled trial
Linardatou, C., Parios, A., Varvogli, L., Chrousos, G. P., & Darviri, C. (2014) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2014.05.013 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…mentioned socio-, neuro-behavioral pattern of PG favors the concept that gambling is a socially-learned behavior implemented by the individual in order to cope with stress and the ensuing dysphoric mood and/or emotions (Blaszyczynski and Nower, 2002; Ledgerwood and Petry, 2010; Loo et al., 2008).”
BackgroundAlbein-Urios, N., Pilatti, A., Lozano, Ó., Martínez-González, J. M., & Verdéjo-Garcia, A. (2014) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/act072 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The Application of an Etiological Model of Personality Disorders to Problem Gambling
Brown, M., Allen, J. S., & Dowling, N. A. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9504-z · Cited by 26 · see citing works
An investigation of the link between gambling motives and social context of gambling in young adults
Quinlan, C. K., Goldstein, A. L., & Stewart, S. H. (2013) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2013.855252 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Finally, it is important to note that several studies have used the 90-day G-TLFB questionnaire successfully (Cronce & Corbin, 2010; Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010; Rash, Weinstock, & Petry, 2011; Stewart, Yi, & Stewart, in press).”
BackgroundKurilla, A. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-020-09995-6 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“However, compared to BC gamblers, EV and AI subtypes may require more intensive and longer treatment (Ledgerwood and Petry 2010).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGrubbs, J. B., Chapman, H. A., Milner, L. A., Gutierrez, I. A., & Bradley, D. F. (2018) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000399 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Treatment Outcome in Male Gambling Disorder Patients Associated with Alcohol Use
Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Granero, R., Håkansson, A., Tárrega, S., Valdepérez, A., Aymamí, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., et al. (2016) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00465 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Lobo, D. S. S., Quilty, L. C., Martins, S. S., Tavares, H., Vallada, H., Kennedy, J. L., & Bagby, R. M. (2014) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.03.006 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Aggression and Harm-Avoidant Trait Impede Recovery From Internet Gaming Disorder
Lee, S., Lee, H. K., Bang, S.-Y., Jeong, H., Yim, H. W., & Kweon, Y. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00263 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Jáuregui, P., Estévez, A., & Onaindia, J. (2018) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2018.05.023 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Granero, R., Valero-Solís, S., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., Mena-Moreno, T., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Codina, E., Martín‐Romera, V., Casalé-Salayet, G., et al. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00008 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…the three pathways types differed in some baseline measures [gambling level, emotional impairment, or the presence of other comorbid disorders (concurrent and lifespan)], this classification did not obtain predictive capacity on the gambling severity after the treatment (Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010).”
BackgroundHearn, N., Ireland, J. L., Eslea, M., & Fisk, J. E. (2020) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-020-09929-2 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“The Pathways Model, although benefited by incorporation of several risk factors into an integrated model, is not without criticism.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialPredictors of Dropout in Disordered Gamblers in UK Residential Treatment
Roberts, A., Murphy, R., Turner, J., & Sharman, S. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09876-7 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dowd, D. A., Keough, M. T., Jakobson, L. S., Bolton, J. M., & Edgerton, J. D. (2018) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2018.1520909 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“The results from past subtyping studies have demonstrated that men are more likely to be classified as antisocial impulsivist gamblers whereas women are more likely to be classified as emotionally vulnerable gamblers (Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010).”
Neuroscience in gambling policy and treatment: an interdisciplinary perspective
Yücel, M., Carter, A., Allen, A. R., Balleine, B. W., Clark, L., Dowling, N. A., Gainsbury, S., Goudriaan, A. E., Grant, J. E., Hayes, A. J., et al. (2017) · The Lancet Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s2215-0366(16)30369-8 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationImpulsivity profiles in pathological slot machine gamblers
Aragay, N., Barrios, M., Ramírez-Gendrau, I., Garcia-Caballero, A., Garrido, G., Ramos-Grille, I., Galindo, Y., Martin-Dombrowski, J., & Vallès, V. (2018) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2018.03.008 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Sharman, S., Clark, L., Roberts, A. D. L., Michalczuk, R., Cocks, R., & Bowden‐Jones, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00588 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
(2022) · American Psychiatric Association Publishing eBooks · doi:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425787.x16_substance_related_disorders · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Moderate-Risk and Problem Slot Machine Gamblers: A Typology of Gambling-Related Cognitions
Hahmann, T. E. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Issues · doi:10.4309/jgi.2016.34.8 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Problem and non-problem gamblers: a cross-sectional clustering study by gambling characteristics
Guillou-Landréat, M., Chéreau, I., Perrot, B., Romo, L., Codina, I., Magalon, D., Fatseas, M., Luquiens, A., Brousse, G., Challet‐Bouju, G., et al. (2020) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-030424 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Valero-Solís, S., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Mestre‐Bach, G., Baenas, I., Contaldo, S. F., Gómez‐Peña, M., Aymamí, N., Moragas, L., et al. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00028 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“…levels) (Lorains, Stout, Bradshaw, Dowling, & Enticott, 2014b; Navas et al., 2017), and even the psychological state and level of the disordered gambling (Bonnaire et al., 2017; Chamberlain, Stochl, Redden, Odlaug, & Grant, 2017; Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010; Suomi, Dowling, & Jackson, 2014).”
Fielenbach, S., Donkers, F. C. L., Spreen, M., & Bogaerts, S. (2017) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/resprot.6907 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Also for cocaine-dependent patients, higher impulsivity was associated with greater severity of addiction symptoms such as craving [28,29].”
An evaluation of the pathways model using the Quinte Longitudinal dataset
Mader, J., Christensen, D. R., & Williams, R. J. (2019) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2019.1602158 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“…the existence of a subgroup of problem gamblers that match the antisocial and impulsive nature of the AI gambler (Allami et al., 2017; Dowd et al., 2018; Gupta et al., 2013; Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010; Nower & Blaszczynski, 2017, 2017; Nower et al., 2013; Turner et al., 2008; Valleur et al., 2016).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialJiménez‐Múrcia, S., Giménez, M., Granero, R., López-González, H., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., Baenas, I., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Codina, E., Mena-Moreno, T., et al. (2021) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00101 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Grubbs, J. B., Chapman, H., Milner, L. A., Floyd, C. G., & Kraus, S. W. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107840 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Increased impulsivity in pathological gambling: Considering nicotine dependence
Kräplin, A., Behrendt, S., Scherbaum, S., Dshemuchadse, M., Bühringer, G., & Goschke, T. (2015) · Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/13803395.2015.1018145 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Regarding the possible effectiveness of subtype-targeted intervention strategies, it can be suggested that some common intervention tools to cope with heightened impulsivity seem necessary (Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010).”
BackgroundBonnaire, C., Bungener, C., & Varescon, I. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.057 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hudson, A., Jacques, S., & Stewart, S. H. (2013) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/a0031863 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
McGrath, D. S., & Thege, B. K. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9687-1 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“In one study, Ledgerwood and Petry (2010) first categorized a sample of DGs according to the three subtypes of the Pathways Model and then randomly assigned participants to one of three treatment options (i.e., Gamblers Anonymous; Gamblers Anonymous combined with a Cognitive Behavioral Therapy…”
BackgroundAre online poker problem gamblers sensation seekers?
Bonnaire, C., & Barrault, S. (2018) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2018.03.024 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Bücker, L., Westermann, S., Kühn, S., & Moritz, S. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3176-z · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Solé‐Morata, N., Baenas, I., Etxandi, M., Granero, R., Gené, M., Barrot, C., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., Ramoz, N., Gorwood, P. A. P. M., et al. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15020418 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Thus, the mediational role of these clinical features between biological variables and GD severity further emphasizes the complex and multifactorial etiology of GD [54,73,74].”
BackgroundInfluentialAssessing the role of impulsivity in smoking & non-smoking disordered gamblers
Boothby, C. A., Kim, H. S. A., Romanow, N. K., Hodgins, D. C., & McGrath, D. S. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.02.002 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Rapinda, K. K., Edgerton, J. D., & Keough, M. T. (2023) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-023-10238-7 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“These significant associations are unsurprising, given that mood and cognitive factors have been demonstrated characteristics of individuals who experience increased gambling severity (Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010).”
BackgroundBaenas, I., Mora‐Maltas, B., Etxandi, M., Lucas, I., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Tovar, S. A., Solé‐Morata, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., et al. (2023) · Comprehensive Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2023.152435 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Zheng, L., Ma, J., Dong, F., Wu, L., Gong, Z., Qi, J., Zhao, X., Du, J., & Ma, P. (2018) · Therapeutics and Clinical Risk Management · doi:10.2147/tcrm.s155358 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“Recent studies also have confirmed that the onset of PGS is closely related to neuropsychological factors, surgery, and complications.(18) However, little research has been done regarding the factors influencing depression and anxiety in PGS patients.”
Ruíz, J. I. (2014) · Psychologia · doi:10.21500/19002386.1212 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Black, D. W., & Allen, J. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10056-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Relationships Between Impulsivity, Methamphetamine use Disorder and Gambling Disorder
Wang, Y., Zuo, J., Hao, W., Wu, L., Liu, F., Wang, Q., He, L., Peng, P., Zhou, Y., Li, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-023-10201-6 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Parental gambling may predict GD in adulthood (Lane et al., 2016; Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010), and parental drug use may predict gambling-related cognitive distortions (King et al., 2010).”
BackgroundPersonality Disorders and Erroneous Beliefs in Pathological Gambling
Abdollahnejad, R., Delfabbro, P., & Denson, L. A. (2015) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-014-9535-9 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“, Narcissistic, Borderline, Histrionic and Antisocial personality disorders) have been most consistently documented in studies conducted in multiple countries (Barry et al. 2010, 2011; Bewer et al. 2010; Cunningham-Williams et al. 1998; Ledgerwood and Petry 2010; Lorains et al. 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCairncross, M., Milosevic, A., Struble, C. A., Ellis, J. D., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2019) · Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease · doi:10.1097/nmd.0000000000000959 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…elevated anxiety, depression, substance use/abuse, attention and impulsivity problems, as well as history of childhood negative experience, and antisocial symptoms (Blaszczynski and Nower, 2002; Ledgerwood and Petry, 2010; Moon et al., 2017), all factors that are elevated in individualswith ADHD.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAltered hierarchical organization between empathy and gambling networks in disordered gamblers
Zhou, H., He, Y., Yuan, Z., Zhou, Y., Yin, J., Chark, R., Fong, D. K. C., Fong, L. H. N., & Wu, A. M. S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1083465 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Last but not least, trait impulsivity, which has been identified as one of the major pathways to GD (14, 81), was not measured in the present study.”
ResultNeuronal and psychological underpinnings of pathological gambling
Singer, B. F., Anselme, P., Robinson, M. J., & Vezina, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00230 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Executive Function in Problem Gamblers with and without History of Depression
Ellis, J. D., Carr, M. M., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2017) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-017-9804-5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“In support, several studies have established that emotionally vulnerable gamblers are more likely to report comorbid mood conditions, report a family history of problem gambling and psychiatric history (Moon et al. 2016; Ledgerwood and Petry 2010), and choose monotonous, isolating forms of gambling (Blaszczynski and N…”
BackgroundSelf-citationJuodis, M., & Stewart, S. H. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Issues · doi:10.4309/jgi.2016.34.11 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“…seekers’’ and ‘‘action seekers’’ (Lesieur & Blume, 1991); ‘‘simple,’’ ‘‘demoralized,’’ and ‘‘hedonic’’ gamblers (Vachon & Bagby, 2009); and ‘‘behaviorally conditioned,’’ ‘‘emotionally vulnerable,’’ and ‘‘antisocial impulsivist’’ gamblers (Blaszczynski & Nower, 2002; Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010).”
Cluster analysis based on gambling variables and mental health in a clinical population of gamblers
Diego, G. A., Macía, L., Montero, M., & Estévez, A. (2024) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2024.108092 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Lister, J. J., Yoon, M., Nower, L., Ellis, J. D., & Ledgerwood, D. M. (2022) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2022.2044502 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Studies have found general support for the Pathways Model across treatment- and nontreatment-seeking samples (Bonnaire et al., 2009; Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010; Moon et al., 2017), purposive samples of at-risk age cohorts (Gupta et al., 2013; Tirachaimongkol et al., 2010), and large-scale…”
BackgroundSelf-citationMolander, O., Ramnerö, J., Bjureberg, J., & Berman, A. H. (2022) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-022-04152-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Conceptual and methodological issues in pathways model research
Delfabbro, P., & King, D. L. (2021) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2021.2003843 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“and Ledgerwood and Petry (2010) observed three clusters that were generally consistent with predictions but observed that psychiatric history was also high in the Emotionally Vulnerable group.”
BackgroundInfluentialPhenotype of Gambling Disorder Patients with Lotteries as a Preferred Form of Gambling
Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Mena-Moreno, T., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Codina, E., Gómez‐Peña, M., Moragas, L., Aymamí, N., Mestre‐Bach, G., Steward, T., et al. (2022) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-022-00793-2 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…postulated that high GD severity and high novelty seeking might be the main reasons for men prefer strategic forms, whereas escape from negative emotional states and sociability may underlie women’s preference for non-strategic forms (Susana Jiménez-Murcia et al., 2013; Ledgerwood & Petry, 2010).”
BackgroundImpulsivity and Internet Gambling: What is the Link? A Preliminary Study
Montel, S., Ducroz, E., & Davidson, C. (2014) · Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment · doi:10.1097/adt.0000000000000035 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
- Authors
- Ledgerwood, D. M., & Petry, N. M.
- Affiliations
- Wayne State University (US)
- UConn Health (US)
- Venue
- Psychology of Addictive Behaviors
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 680-688
- ISSN
- 0893-164X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-1501
- PMC
- PMC3000875
- OpenAlex
- W2088571237
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 12 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 12 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 2
- FWCI
- 5.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychology of Addictive Behaviors (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (R01-MH60417; R01-DA021567; P30-DA023918)
- State of Michigan
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, Pathways Model, impulsivity, depression, anxiety, antisocial personality disorder, treatment response, problem gambling severity, family history of substance use
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Analysis of Variance, Anxiety, Behavior Therapy, Depression, Gambling, Humans, Impulsive Behavior, Interviews as Topic, Male, Models, Psychological, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Psychotherapy, Group, Surveys and Questionnaires, Severity of Illness Index, Behavior, Addictive, Treatment Outcome, Statistics, Nonparametric
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