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DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Open accessAbstract
Background: Little is known about the prevalence or correlates of DSM-IV pathological gambling (PG). Method: Data from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), a nationally representative US household survey, were used to assess lifetime gambling symptoms and PG along with other DSM-IV disorders. Age of onset (AOO) of each lifetime disorder was assessed retrospectively. AOO reports were used to study associations between temporally primary disorders and the subsequent risk of secondary disorders. Results: Most respondents (78.4%) reported lifetime gambling. Lifetime problem gambling (at least one Criterion A symptom of PG) (2.3%) and PG (0.6%) were much less common. PG was significantly associated with being young, male, and Non-Hispanic Black. People with PG reported first gambling significantly earlier than non-problem gamblers (mean age 16.7 v . 23.9 years, z =12.7, p <0.001), with gambling problems typically beginning during the mid-20s and persisting for an average of 9.4 years. During this time the largest annual gambling losses averaged US$4800. Onset and persistence of PG were predicted by a variety of prior DSM-IV anxiety, mood, impulse-control and substance use disorders. PG also predicted the subsequent onset of generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance dependence. Although none of the NCS-R respondents with PG ever received treatment for gambling problems, 49.0% were treated at some time for other mental disorders. Conclusions: DSM-IV PG is a comparatively rare, seriously impairing, and undertreated disorder whose symptoms typically start during early adulthood and is frequently secondary to other mental or substance disorders that are associated with both PG onset and persistence.
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In the citing paper
“Epidemiological research indicates that over 50% of PGs have a lifetime mood disorder, over 40% have a lifetime anxiety disorder, and about 23% have ASPD (Kessler et al. 2008; Petry, Stinson & Grant, 2005).”
From Subtyping Pathological Gamblers Based on Impulsivity, Depression, and Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Kessler et al. 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Gambling disorder often co-occurs with psychiatric disorders, particularly substance use and anxiety disorders (el-Guebaly et al., 2006; Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains, Cowlishaw, & Thomas, 2011; Parhami, Mojtabai, Rosenthal, Afifi, & Fong, 2014).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“For gambling disorder and substance use disorders, it appears this relationship is bi-directional, as the presence of one of either of these conditions often predicts the onset of the other (Afifi, Nicholson, Martins, & Sareen, 2016; Kessler et al., 2008).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Approximately 37% (range: 14.0% −60.3%) of subthreshold and clinical gamblers suffer from an anxiety disorder (Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2005)”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Anxiety disorders, however, often precede the onset of gambling disorder or substance use disorders (Blanco et al., 2015; Kausch, Rugle, & Rowland, 2006; Kessler et al., 2008).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2008
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BackgroundGambling problems in bipolar disorder in the UK: Prevalence and distribution
Jones, L. A., Metcalf, A., Gordon‐Smith, K., Forty, L., Perry, A., Lloyd, J., Geddes, J. R., Goodwin, G. M., Jones, I. R., Craddock, N. J., et al. (2015) · The British Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1192/bjp.bp.114.154286 · Cited by 45
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“Prob-lem gambling is associated with being young and male (at an approximately 2:1 male to female ratio; Blanco et al., 2006), typically beginning during the mid-20 s and persisting for an average of 9.4 years (Kessler et al., 2008).”
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“…to, and participation in, slot machine gambling is consistently associated with higher rates of PG and poorer outcomes in those who manifest it (Petry 2003; Wheeler, Rigby & Huriwai 2006; Williams, West & Simpson 2007; Kessler et al. 2008; Saez-Abad & Bertolin-Guillen 2008; Bakken et al. 2009).”
BackgroundChildren at Risk of Developing Problem Gambling
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“…is a serious public health issue (Canale, Vieno, & Grif fi ths, 2016; John et al., 2020), and in Western populations 0.4 – 2.0% develop gambling disorder (GD) (Chóliz, Marcos, & Lázaro-Mateo, 2019; Delfabbro & King, 2012; Erbas & Buchner, 2012; Kessler et al., 2008; Stefanovics & Potenza, 2022).”
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“4 These values may be underestimated because the prevalence of disordered gambling is trending upwards 1 , 5 with the increased accessibility, affordability, anonymity and convenience of online gambling.”
BackgroundPrevalence of suicide attempts in pathological gamblers in a nationwide Austrian treatment sample
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“However, three potential explanations might be considered: (a) Given the high rate of comorbidity and the fact that, usually, the other psychiatric comorbid disorders precede the PG [31], one might assume that the patients at a certain time point received treatment for the underlying psychiatric disorder which also en…”
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“The CIDI is a fully structured interview that generates diagnoses according to the definitions and criteria of both the ICD-10 (World Health Organization, 1994) and DSM-IV (American Psychiatric Association, 2000) diagnostic systems.”
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“…females to gamble, to participate in more gambling activities and to be problem gamblers (Bakken, Götestam, Gråwe & Wenzel, 2009; Delfabbro, King, Lambros & Puglies, 2009; Delfabbro et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 2008; Molde, Pallesen, Bartone, Hystad & Johnsen, 2009; Moodie & Finnigan, 2006).”
BackgroundFauth‐Bühler, M., Zois, E., Vollstädt‐Klein, S., Leménager, T., Beutel, M., & Mann, K. F. (2014) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2014.09.008 · Cited by 37
“Available retrospective data suggest that depressive symptoms precede the onset of GD (Kessler et al., 2008).”
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“Second, the characterization of gambling groups (ARPG and non-ARPG) is not based on validated DSM-IV thresholds; instead, it is based on approaches adopted in prior work (Cunningham-Williams et al., 1998; Slutske et al., 2000; Kessler et al., 2008; Potenza et al., 2011; Rahman et al., 2012; Pilver et al., 2013).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialEgocentric social network analysis of pathological gambling
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“Consistent with the literature on comorbidity [23,24], PGs had not only more gamblers, but also more smokers and drinkers in their networks who gambled, smoked and drank more frequently than those in a NPG’s network.”
BackgroundButh, S., Wurst, F. M., Thon, N., Lahusen, H., & Kalke, J. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02188 · Cited by 37
“Aside from the reported mental health impairments and certain personality traits, substance-related disorders are of great importance (Kessler et al., 2008; Barry et al., 2011; Bischof et al., 2013; Martin et al., 2014; Subramaniam et al., 2015; Shultz et al., 2016).”
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“have gambled at some point in their lives, 60–80% in the past year (Welte et al. 2002; Kessler et al. 2008).”
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A brief self-help toolkit intervention for gambling problems: a randomized multisite trial
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“To illustrate, the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (Kessler et al., 2008) found that half (49”
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Gambling problems and the impact of family in UK armed forces veterans
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“In the general population, problem gambling is often highly comorbid with anxiety and depression (Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005), and also predicts the onset of generalized anxiety disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD; Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundKotter, R., Kräplin, A., Pittig, A., & Bühringer, G. (2018) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9777-8 · Cited by 40
Incidence of Internet gambling in Sweden: results from the Swedish longitudinal gambling study
Svensson, J., & Romild, U. K. (2011) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2011.629203 · Cited by 35
“, 2006), Belgium (Druine, 2009), the USA (Kessler et al., 2008; Volberg et al., 2006) and the United Kingdom (Griffiths et al.”
BackgroundComorbidity of Alcohol and Gambling Problems in Emerging Adults: A Bifactor Model Conceptualization
Tackett, J. L., Krieger, H., Neighbors, C., Rinker, D. V., Rodriguez, L. M., & Gottheil, E. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9618-6 · Cited by 41
“Estimates for lifetime pathological gambling in the U.S. general population have ranged from about .4–3.5 % and sub-threshold (problem gambling) estimates have ranged from 2.9 to 4.8 % (CunninghamWilliams et al. 1998; Kessler et al. 2008; Lorains et al. 2011; Petry et al. 2005; Shaffer et al. 1999).”
BackgroundInfluentialHing, N., & Russell, A. M. T. (2017) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.6.2017.056 · Cited by 36
“Research also indicates high comorbidity between problem gambling and depression (Kessler et al., 2008, Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005; Thomas & Jackson, 2008).”
BackgroundDickler, M., Lenglos, C., Renauld, E., Ferland, F., Edden, R. A. E., Leblond, J., & Fecteau, S. (2017) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.002 · Cited by 38
“In regards to history of substance use disorders, which are common comorbidities of GD (Petry et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 2008; Grant and Chamberlain, 2015; ), we included patients with history of substance use disorders who were abstinent for at least 1 year.”
Chen, J. H., Tong, K. K., Wu, A. M. S., Lau, J. T. F., & Zhang, M. X. (2018) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph15122774 · Cited by 35
“These data confirmed the co-occurrence of these mental problems and provided extra support to previous studies’ claims regarding positive correlations between GD and other mental health disorders [10].”
BackgroundResultA Direct, Controlled, Blind Family Study ofDSM-IVPathological Gambling
Black, D. W., Coryell, W. H., Crowe, R., McCormick, B. A., Shaw, M. C., & Allen, J. (2013) · The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry · doi:10.4088/jcp.13m08566 · Cited by 35
“were run sequentially with the following predictors: (1) proband race/ethnicity and years of education, interview status, and relationship to the proband (the base model); (2) the base model and the proband’s diagnosis for additional diagnosis of interest; and (3) the base model, the proband’s diagnosis for the additi…”
MethodNilsson, A., Magnusson, K., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Hellner, C. (2020) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.14900 · Cited by 34
Denis, C. M., Fatseas, M., Beltran, V., Serre, F., Alexandre, J.-M., Debrabant, R., Daulouede, J., & Auriacombe, M. (2016) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2015.1036334 · Cited by 37
Problem Gamblers’ Harsh Gaze on Casino Services
Prentice, C., & Woodside, A. G. (2013) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20670 · Cited by 34
“These statistics are similar to those reported in the United States where 78% of a nationally representative sample reported lifetime gambling activity and 3% are problem or pathological gamblers according to “Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, fourth edition” (DSM-IV) criteria (Kessler et al., 200…”
ResultAssociation of Problem Gambling with Type of Gambling Among Italian General Population
Scalese, M., Bastiani, L., Salvadori, S., Gori, M., LEWIS, I. A., Jarre, P., & Molinaro, S. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9579-1 · Cited by 34
“, depression, neuroadaptation, deception), alcoholism, tobacco dependence, substance abuse, interpersonal, financial and physical health problems, domestic violence (perpetration of spouse or partner abuse, perpetration of physical child abuse), unemployment, suicide and suicidal ideation and other problems (Kessler e…”
InfluentialFlack, M., & Morris, M. (2015) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-015-9611-9 · Cited by 34
Keough, M., Penniston, T. L., Vilhena-Churchill, N., Bagby, R., & Quilty, L. (2018) · Addictive Behaviours · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.11.018 · Cited by 35
“About 2–3% of North Americans gamble at harmful levels (Kessler et al., 2008; Williams, Volberg, & Stevens, 2012).”
BackgroundClaesdotter‐Knutsson, E., André, F., & Håkansson, A. (2021) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/33059 · Cited by 34
“Psychological distress was measured using the Kessler-6 scale [52].”
BackgroundMethodThe Prevalence and Course of Pathological Gambling in the Mood Disorders
Quilty, L. C., Watson, C., Robinson, J. J., Toneatto, T., & Bagby, R. M. (2010) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-010-9199-8 · Cited by 34
“Finally, mood disorders frequently have an onset prior to PG (e.g., Kennedy et al. in press; Kessler et al. 2008), and it is argued that gambling pathology may develop as a means to relieve aversive affective states (Blaszczynski and Nower 2002).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialIllusionary pattern detection in habitual gamblers
Wilke, A., Scheibehenne, B., Gaissmaier, W., McCanney, P., & Barrett, H. C. (2014) · Evolution and Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2014.02.010 · Cited by 40
“3% defined as problem gamblers (Kessler et al., 2008; Shaffer et al., 1997).”
BackgroundInfluentialJiménez-Murcia, S., Fernández-Aranda, F., Mestre-Bach, G., Granero, R., Tarrega, S., Torrubia, R., Aymamí, N., Gómez-Peña, M., Soriano-Mas, C., Steward, T., et al. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9631-9 · Cited by 33
“Nonetheless, other researchers have found GD to be more severe in younger samples (Fattore et al. 2014; Granero et al. 2014; Jiménez-Murcia et al. 2010; Kessler et al. 2008), suggesting that being younger than 29 years of age could be a risk factor for developing GD (Johansson et al. 2009).”
BackgroundMcCarthyism, conflict of interest andAddiction's new transparency declaration procedures
Babor, T. F., & Miller, P. G. (2014) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.12384 · Cited by 33
“Of the 30 studies, only one [4] declared the NCRG affiliation in its Conflict of Interest statement, and fewer than half (48%) cited funding from NCRG in the Acknowledgement section or in a footnote of the paper.”
BackgroundBeaver, K. M., Hoffman, T. L., Shields, R. T., Vaughn, M. G., DeLisi, M., & WRIGHT, J. P. (2010) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2009.02803.x · Cited by 33
“7% of the population would meet the diagnostic criteria for pathological gambling [1,2].”
BackgroundLedgerwood, D. M., Wiedemann, A. A., Moore, J. A., & Arfken, C. L. (2011) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.3109/16066359.2011.588815 · Cited by 33
“However, more recent research has found that although the rates of pathological gambling may still be lower for women than for men, women make up a sizeable portion of individuals with gambling problems (Kessler et al., 2008; Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005).”
BackgroundChinese Attitudes, Norms, Behavioral Control and Gambling Involvement in Macao
Wu, A. M. S., Lai, M. H. C., Tong, K. K., & Tao, V. Y. K. (2012) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-012-9344-7 · Cited by 33
“Also, previous research shows that gambling frequency is positively associated with maladaptive gambling behaviors such as persistence after winning, and borrowing money for gambling (e.g. Kessler et al. 2008; Tao et al. 2011).”
BackgroundSlutske, W. S., Zhu, G., Meier, M. H., & Martin, N. G. (2011) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0022879 · Cited by 33
Down and Out in London: Addictive Behaviors in Homelessness
Sharman, S., Dreyer, J., Clark, L., & Bowden‐Jones, H. (2016) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.5.2016.037 · Cited by 33
“In the U.S. National Comorbidity Survey-Replication, Kessler et al. (2008) compared age of onset data to establish the temporal sequencing of problem gambling with its comorbid disorders: problem gambling tended to have a later age of onset than major depression, general anxiety disorder, panic…”
Canale, N., Vieno, A., ter Bogt, T., Pastore, M., Siciliano, V., & Molinaro, S. (2016) · Prevention Science · doi:10.1007/s11121-016-0683-y · Cited by 33
“…past year: (1) non-gamblers, (2) occasional gamblers who gamble less than once a month, (3) monthly gamblers who take part in only one or two gambling activities at least once a month, and (4) frequent gamblers who are involved in more than two gambling activities monthly (Kessler et al., 2008).”
Wang, X., Won, D., & Jeon, H.-S. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041803 · Cited by 33
“In other words, sports gamblers are exposed to a higher level of risk for experiencing gambling-related problems than those participating in other types of gambling activities [1,12].”
BackgroundGambling disorder comorbidity a narrative review
Sharma, R., & Weinstein, A. M. (2025) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/19585969.2025.2484288 · Cited by 32
“These findings highlight a strong association between pathological gambling, substance use, mood, and anxiety disorders, although the exact nature of these relationships requires further study (Kessler et al. 2008).”
Prevalence of Gambling Problems Among the Clients of a Toronto Homeless Shelter
Matheson, F. I., Devotta, K., Wendaferew, A., & Pedersen, C. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9452-7 · Cited by 32
“Estimates from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication study found that lifetime prevalence of problem gambling was 2.3 % and lifetime prevalence of pathological gambling was 0.6 % (Kessler et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialOtto, J. L., Smolenski, D. J., Wilson, A. L. G., Evatt, D. P., Campbell, M. S., Beech, E. H., Workman, D. E., Morgan, R. L., O'Gallagher, K. G., & Belsher, B. E. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Epidemiology · doi:10.1016/j.jclinepi.2019.12.022 · Cited by 33
Jiménez-Murcia, S., Bove, F. I., Israel, M., Steiger, H., Fernández-Aranda, F., Álvarez-Moya, E., Granero, R., Penelo, E., Vergé, B., Aymamí, M.-N., et al. (2012) · European Addiction Research · doi:10.1159/000337442 · Cited by 32
Behavioral addictions in bipolar disorders: A systematic review
Varo, C., Murru, A., Salagre, E., Jiménez, E., Solé, B., Montejo, L., Carvalho, A., Stubbs, B., Grande, I., Martínez-Arán, A., et al. (2019) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2018.10.012 · Cited by 30
Taylor, R. N., Parker, J. D. A., Keefer, K. V., Kloosterman, P. H., & Summerfeldt, L. J. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9480-3 · Cited by 31
“2010), including other impulse control disorders (Kessler et al. 2008), substance abuse (Johansson et al.”
BackgroundInfluentialProfessional and Pathological Gamblers: Similarities and Differences
Weinstock, J., Massura, C. E., & Petry, N. (2013) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-012-9308-y · Cited by 35
Association between gambling and self-harm: a scoping review
Gray, H. M., Edson, T. C., Nelson, S. E., Grossman, A., & LaPlante, D. A. (2020) · Addiction Research & Theory · doi:10.1080/16066359.2020.1784881 · Cited by 37
“Problem gambling is highly comorbid with other psychiatric conditions (particularly mood disorders) and substance use disorders (e.g., Kessler et al. 2008; Park et al. 2010; Cowlishaw and Kessler 2016).”
BackgroundContribution of sex on the underlying mechanism of the gambling disorder severity
Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Granero, R., Giménez, M., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Mestre‐Bach, G., Mena-Moreno, T., Moragas, L., Baño, M., Sánchez‐González, J., de Gracia, M., et al. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-73806-6 · Cited by 32
Financial Literacy and Gambling Behavior in the United States
Watanapongvanich, S., Khan, M. S. R., Putthinun, P., Ono, S., & Kadoya, Y. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10030-5 · Cited by 31
Claesdotter‐Knutsson, E., André, F., Fridh, M., Delfin, C., Håkansson, A., & Lindström, M. (2021) · JMIR Pediatrics and Parenting · doi:10.2196/30889 · Cited by 43
“Moreover, overuse of smartphones has been associated with increased anxiety, depression, poor sleep quality, low self-esteem, and higher perceived stress, as well as other addictions such as addiction to alcohol tobacco and illicit drugs [12-14].”
Mediational Role of Age of Onset in Gambling Disorder, a Path Modeling Analysis
Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Granero, R., Tárrega, S., Angulo-Brunet, A., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Arcelus, J., Fagundo, A. B., Aymamí, N., Moragas, L., Sauvaget, A., et al. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9537-y · Cited by 31
“…studies have shown a high degree of comorbidity between mood or anxiety disorders and GD (elGuebaly et al. 2006; Ibáñez et al. 2001; Lorains et al. 2011; Raylu and Oei 2002; Rush et al. 2008), often predating the development and persistence of problem gambling behavior (Kessler et al. 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Kessler, R. C., Hwang, I., LaBrie, R., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Winters, K. C., & Shaffer, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Cambridge Health Alliance (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, R. C.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2008-02-07
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1351-1360
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC2293303
- OpenAlex
- W2121784510
- Cited by
- 928
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 40.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- John W. Alden Trust
- World Health Organization
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- Johnson and Johnson
- Pan American Health Organization
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R01‐MH070884, U01-MH-60220, U13MH066849, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (R01-TW006481, R03TW006481)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, problem gambling, prevalence, age of onset, comorbidities, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, impulse control disorders, substance use disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance dependence, gambling losses, treatment utilization, DSM-IV diagnostic criteria
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Data Collection, Ethnicity, Female, Gambling, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Odds Ratio, Age of Onset, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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