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DSM-IV pathological gambling in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication
Open accessAbstract
Background: Little is known about the prevalence or correlates of DSM-IV pathological gambling (PG). Method: Data from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R), a nationally representative US household survey, were used to assess lifetime gambling symptoms and PG along with other DSM-IV disorders. Age of onset (AOO) of each lifetime disorder was assessed retrospectively. AOO reports were used to study associations between temporally primary disorders and the subsequent risk of secondary disorders. Results: Most respondents (78.4%) reported lifetime gambling. Lifetime problem gambling (at least one Criterion A symptom of PG) (2.3%) and PG (0.6%) were much less common. PG was significantly associated with being young, male, and Non-Hispanic Black. People with PG reported first gambling significantly earlier than non-problem gamblers (mean age 16.7 v . 23.9 years, z =12.7, p <0.001), with gambling problems typically beginning during the mid-20s and persisting for an average of 9.4 years. During this time the largest annual gambling losses averaged US$4800. Onset and persistence of PG were predicted by a variety of prior DSM-IV anxiety, mood, impulse-control and substance use disorders. PG also predicted the subsequent onset of generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and substance dependence. Although none of the NCS-R respondents with PG ever received treatment for gambling problems, 49.0% were treated at some time for other mental disorders. Conclusions: DSM-IV PG is a comparatively rare, seriously impairing, and undertreated disorder whose symptoms typically start during early adulthood and is frequently secondary to other mental or substance disorders that are associated with both PG onset and persistence.
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In the citing paper
“Epidemiological research indicates that over 50% of PGs have a lifetime mood disorder, over 40% have a lifetime anxiety disorder, and about 23% have ASPD (Kessler et al. 2008; Petry, Stinson & Grant, 2005).”
From Subtyping Pathological Gamblers Based on Impulsivity, Depression, and Anxiety (2010) · cites this paper as Kessler et al. 2008
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the citing paper
“Gambling disorder often co-occurs with psychiatric disorders, particularly substance use and anxiety disorders (el-Guebaly et al., 2006; Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains, Cowlishaw, & Thomas, 2011; Parhami, Mojtabai, Rosenthal, Afifi, & Fong, 2014).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“For gambling disorder and substance use disorders, it appears this relationship is bi-directional, as the presence of one of either of these conditions often predicts the onset of the other (Afifi, Nicholson, Martins, & Sareen, 2016; Kessler et al., 2008).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Approximately 37% (range: 14.0% −60.3%) of subthreshold and clinical gamblers suffer from an anxiety disorder (Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains et al., 2011; Petry et al., 2005)”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2008
In the citing paper
“Anxiety disorders, however, often precede the onset of gambling disorder or substance use disorders (Blanco et al., 2015; Kausch, Rugle, & Rowland, 2006; Kessler et al., 2008).”
From Cued for Risk: Evidence for an Incentive Sensitization Framework to Explain the Interplay between Stress and Anxiety, Substance Abuse, and Reward Uncertainty in Disordered Gambling Behavior (2019) · cites this paper as Kessler et al., 2008
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Cited by
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Items 501–600 of 928
Carbonneau, R., Vitaro, F., Brendgen, M. R., Boivin, M., Côté, S. M., & Tremblay, R. E. (2022) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-022-10107-9 · Cited by 14
“This change followed cumulating reports showing the association between gambling and substance use in clinical and community samples (Barnes et al., 2009; 2011; Grant & Chamberlain, 2020; Kessler et al., 2008; Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005).”
BackgroundSong, F., Graupensperger, S. A., Lostutter, T. W., & Larimer, M. E. (2024) · Emerging Adulthood · doi:10.1177/21676968241238028 · Cited by 13
“…to trading activity participation and to problem gambling across traditional gambling and trading domains in young adults, a population known to have high rates of problem gambling (Alegr´ ı a et al., 2014; Barnes et al., 2010; Calado et al., 2016; Kessler et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2012).”
BackgroundEffects of various cannabinoid ligands on choice behaviour in a rat model of gambling
Gueye, A. B., Trigo, J. M., Vemuri, K. V., Makriyannis, A., & Foll, B. L. (2016) · Behavioural Pharmacology · doi:10.1097/fbp.0000000000000222 · Cited by 13
“(DSM-5) criteria for gambling disorder (GD) (Kessler et al., 2008; Williams et al., 2011) and neurobiological research in GD supports its characterization as a behavioural addiction (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).”
BackgroundPathological Gamblers in Singapore
Manning, V., Ng, A. Y., Koh, P. K., Song, G., Kandasami, G., & Wong, K. E. (2014) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000082 · Cited by 13
“The presence of comorbid psychiatric disorders, particularly anxiety, depression, and substance use disorder, is widely reported among problem gamblers in the international literature (Petry et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains et al., 2011) including Asian countries (Winslow et al.”
BackgroundToneatto, T., & Pillai, S. (2016) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-016-9647-5 · Cited by 13
“…been recently and extensively reviewed only a brief and selective summary will be presented here focusing on studies that have relied on structured clinical interviews to diagnose psychiatric disorders (Petry 2005; Argo and Black 2004; Kessler et al. 2008; Lorains et al. 2001; Chou and Afifi 2011).”
BackgroundKing, S. M., Keyes, M. A., Winters, K. C., McGue, M. K., & Iacono, W. G. (2017) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000266 · Cited by 13
“…late adolescence to young adulthood (Delfabbro, King, & Griffiths, 2014; Slutske, Jackson, & Sher, 2003; Winters, Stinchfield, Botzet, & Anderson, 2002; Winters, Stinchfield, Botzet, & Slutske, 2005) and adolescent onset gambling is related to risk for later problem gambling (Kessler et al., 2008).”
Self-citationDisordered Gambling Prevalence: Methodological Innovations in a General Danish Population Survey
Harrison, G. W., Jessen, L. J., Lau, M. I., & Ross, D. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9707-1 · Cited by 14
On the Limits and Challenges of Public Health Approaches in Addressing Gambling-Related Problems
Delfabbro, P., & King, D. L. (2020) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-020-00276-2 · Cited by 13
“Studies have consistently shown that problem gamblers present with a range of other co-morbid conditions (Abdollahnehad et al. 2014; Kessler et al. 2008; Lorrains et al. 2011), and this is a problem shared with the alcohol area (e.g. Miller and Miller 2009).”
BackgroundAssociations between recalled use of legal UK youth gambling products and adult disordered gambling
Newall, P. W. S., Russell, A. M. T., Sharman, S., & Walasek, L. (2020) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.2020.00048 · Cited by 13
Scandroglio, F., Ferrazzi, G., Giacobazzi, A., Vinci, V., Marchi, M., Galeazzi, G., Musetti, A., & Pingani, L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20010452 · Cited by 10
“6% of the general population in the United States [1,12,15].”
BackgroundInfluentialChampine, R. B., & Petry, N. (2010) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/j.1521-0391.2010.00085.x · Cited by 12
“Amount gambled in last 30 days (median and interquartile range) $1,500 (3,350) $1,760 (2,385) $950 (2,878) χ2 (2, N = 231) = 5.”
Javdani, S., Rodríguez, E. M., Nichols, S. R., Emerson, E. M., & Donenberg, G. R. (2014) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-014-9875-8 · Cited by 16
“First, it is particularly relevant for a population of girls receiving psychiatric care, given the high level of internalizing/externalizing comorbidity in this population (e.g., Kessler et al. 2008; Zahn et al. 2008).”
BackgroundShultz, S. K., Shaw, M. C., McCormick, B. A., Allen, J., & Black, D. W. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9588-0 · Cited by 13
“The results extend the literature on the complex interrelationship between childhood maltreatment and PG and show that maltreatment is a robust risk factor for co-occurring mental health disorders, as well as a family history of mental health disorders, addictions, and suicidality (Ashley and Boehlke 2012; Black et al…”
BackgroundInfluentialUlrich, N., & Hewig, J. S. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.10.011 · Cited by 13
A Descriptive Study of Gambling Among Emerging Adult Males in French-Speaking Switzerland
Tomei, A., Tichelli, E., Ewering, N., Nunweiler-Hardegger, S., & Simon, O. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9447-4 · Cited by 13
“The relationship between the variety of games played and problem gambling has been shown in previous studies (Holtgraves 2009; Kessler et al. 2008).”
ResultAlready at the Table: Patterns of Play and Gambling Involvement Prior to Gambling Expansion
Nelson, S. E., LaPlante, D. A., Gray, H. M., Tom, M. A., Kleschinsky, J. H., & Shaffer, H. J. (2017) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-017-9711-5 · Cited by 12
“The National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R: Kessler et al. 2004, 2008) reported that 78.4% of their sample had gambled during their lifetime; other national surveys found that between 77 (Welte et al. 2015) and 82% (Welte et al. 2002) reported having gambled during the past year.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationAppetitive Needs and Addiction
Sussman, S. Y., & Pakdaman, S. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108632591.004 · Cited by 12
Zhou, X. L., Goernert, P. N., & Corenblum, B. (2018) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2018.1554083 · Cited by 12
“Previous research indicates that gambling problems are associated with increased gambling frequency (Kessler et al., 2008), and any decrease in future gambling intentions indicates a benefit of the prevention programme.”
BackgroundClinical characteristics of veterans with gambling disorders seeking pain treatment
Ronzitti, S., Kraus, S. W., Decker, S. E., & Ashrafioun, L. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.03.014 · Cited by 13
Evaluating for Differences by Race/Ethnicity in the Association Between Income and Gambling Disorder
Day, B. F., Rosenthal, G. L., Adetunji, F., Monaghan, A., Scheele, C., & Tracy, J. K. (2020) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-020-09941-6 · Cited by 12
Sinclair, H., Pasche, S. C., Pretorius, A., & Stein, D. J. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-014-9516-8 · Cited by 12
Poirier-Arbour, A., Trudel, G., Boyer, R., Harvey, P., & Goldfarb, M. (2014) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-012-9345-6 · Cited by 14
“Pathological gamblers are often diagnosed with comorbid disorders; in particular, substance use, personality, anxiety, and mood disorders are common (Petry 2005; Petry et al. 2005; Kessler et al. 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLalande, D. R., Bastille-Denis, E., Savard, C., Jacques, C. J., Leclerc, M., & Giroux, I. (2012) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2012.745163 · Cited by 12
“…& Nicki, 2001; Gill et al., 2006; Götestam & Johansson, 2003; Kessler et al., 2008; Volberg et al., 2001), to have less than college level education (Kessler et al., 2008; Ladouceur et al., 2005; Wong & So, 2003), and to report mental and physical health issues (Bakken et al., 2009; Doiron &…”
BackgroundInfluentialAnger in Pathological Gambling: Clinical, Psychopathological, and Personality Correlates
Aymamí, N., Granero, R., Penelo, E., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Krug, I., Gunnard, K., Santamaría, J. J. V., Bueno, B., Jaurrieta, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., et al. (2014) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2014.40 · Cited by 12
“Pathological gambling has also frequently been associated substance use, depression, anxiety disorders, other impulse control disorders and attention deficit disorders (Fernández-Aranda et al., 2006; Kessler et al., 2008; Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005; Stewart, Zack, Collins, & Klein, 2008).”
BackgroundCunningham, J. A., Hodgins, D. C., Bennett, K., Bennett, A., Talevski, M., Mackenzie, C. S., & Hendershot, C. S. (2016) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-016-3291-7 · Cited by 12
Risk Factors of Adolescent Pathological Gambling: Permissive Gambling Culture and Individual Factors
Ho, K. W. (2016) · Deviant Behavior · doi:10.1080/01639625.2016.1197031 · Cited by 16
“The DSM-IV, as adopted in this study, is commonly used around the globe and its criteria are proved to be valid and reliable to predict gambling problems (Kessler et al. 2008; Lakey et al. 2007).”
MethodConsistency of Adolescents’ Self-Report of Gambling Age of Onset: A Longitudinal Study
Dussault, F., Dufour, M., Brunelle, N., Tremblay, J., Rousseau, M., Leclerc, D., Cousineau, M., & Berbiche, D. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09834-3 · Cited by 12
Slutske, W. S., Davis, C. N., Lynskey, M. T., Heath, A. C., & Martin, N. G. (2022) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/21677026211062599 · Cited by 12
“For example, in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication, gambling disorder had a later onset than did the co-occurring disorder (including mood, anxiety, impulse-control, and substance use disorders) 74% of the time, had an earlier onset 24% of the time, and first occurred in the same year 2% of the time (Kessler…”
BackgroundAbbott, M., Bellringer, M., Vandal, A. C., Hodgins, D. C., Battersby, M., & Rodda, S. N. (2017) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013490 · Cited by 12
“People with problem gambling have much higher rates of a number of mental health conditions, particularly substance misuse, affective and anxiety disorders.(5) 6 These rates are typically higher in help-seeking settings than in general population studies.”
BackgroundGambling Attitudes and Behaviors: A 2011 Survey of Adult Iowans
Gonnerman, M. E., & Lutz, G. M. (2011) · doi:10.11575/prism/9561 · Cited by 12
“6% using data from the US National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R; Kessler et al., 2008).”
MethodRapinda, K. K., Edgerton, J. D., & Keough, M. T. (2023) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-023-10238-7 · Cited by 11
Sports Gambling Intention Comparison Between Males and Females in the United States
Kape, C., Hamelin, N., & Abraham, C. (2023) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-023-10259-2 · Cited by 11
“Sports bettors are more likely to experience gambling-related problems than those who partake in other types of gambling (Kessler et al., 2008; Martin et al., 2018).”
Hofstedt, A., & Gordh, A. S. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1423785 · Cited by 11
The Level of Gambling Prediction Using Depression and Anxiety in the Romanian Population
Huțul, T., & Karner‐Huțuleac, A. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10051-0 · Cited by 11
“Finally, other studies have in their turn demonstrated that gambling is associated with depression (Blaszczynski, 2010; Fernández‐Montalvo & Echeburúa, 2004; Kessler et al., 2008; Lorains et al., 2011, apud Rizeanu, 2013a, 2013b).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialComorbidity of Pathological Gambling: clinical variables, personality and response to treatment
Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Moya, E. Á., Aymamí, M., Gómez‐Peña, M., Bueno, B., Santamaría, J., Moragas, L., Penelo, E., et al. (2009) · Revista de Psiquiatría y Salud Mental (English Edition) · doi:10.1016/s2173-5050(09)70050-0 · Cited by 13
Pathological Gambling in Relation to Anxiety and Identity Status
Rizeanu, S. (2013) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.04.388 · Cited by 11
How much gambling is too much? Identifying potential problem gambling among adolescents
Räsänen, T., Lintonen, T., Raisamo, S. U., & Konu, A. (2016) · International Journal of Adolescent Medicine and Health · doi:10.1515/ijamh-2015-0073 · Cited by 11
“Prior research has shown that people who develop gambling problems start gambling earlier than non-problem gamblers (6).”
BackgroundMale gamblers – suicide victims and living controls: comparison of adversity over the life course
Andronicos, M., Beauchamp, G., Robert, M., Besson, J., & Séguin, M. (2016) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2016.1151914 · Cited by 12
“Studies have found that 75% of pathological gamblers experience alcohol misuse, 38% have a drug-related disorder (Kessler et al., 2008), 50% have a mood disorder, 41% have anxiety disorders and 61% have personality disorders (Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialKeough, M. T., Wardell, J. D., Hendershot, C. S., Bagby, R. M., & Quilty, L. C. (2016) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-016-9646-2 · Cited by 11
“Further, given that problem gambling behavior is relatively common among individuals with mood disorders (Kessler et al. 2008; Lorains et al. 2011), we focused on a sample of adults from the community with a history of mood disorder and Table 2 Summary of bias corrected bootstrapping results for indirect effects in un…”
BackgroundInfluentialCronce, J. M., Bittinger, J. N., DiLodovico, C., & Liu, J. (2016) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2016.10.021 · Cited by 10
Rodríguez-Monguió, R., Brand, E., & Volberg, R. A. (2017) · Journal of Addiction Medicine · doi:10.1097/adm.0000000000000363 · Cited by 11
“A study conducted in 2008 using the National Comorbidity Survey Replication found that none of the survey respondents with lifetime pathological gambling disorder ever received treatment for their gambling problems; in contrast, nearly half of these respondents reported receiving treatment for some other mental health…”
BackgroundMethodRole of exercise in the treatment of gambling disorder
Okechukwu, C. E. (2019) · Nigerian Journal of Experimental and Clinical Biosciences · doi:10.4103/njecp.njecp_11_19 · Cited by 11
“[38] 96% of individuals with GD are suffering from one or more psychiatric disorder(s).[39] PGs often suffer from insomnia, cardiorespiratory diseases, intestinal distress, headaches, and cardiovascular diseases.”
BackgroundCognitive factors in gambling disorder, a behavioral addiction
Brooks, G. A., Ferrari, M. A., & Clark, L. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815298-0.00015-0 · Cited by 12
Untreated pathological gamblers: who recovers and who does not?
Bischof, A., Bischof, G., Meyer, C., John, U., Hodgins, D. C., & Rumpf, H. (2019) · International Gambling Studies · doi:10.1080/14459795.2019.1703201 · Cited by 11
“found good internal consistency for the CIDI Gambling Section (Cronbach’s alpha 0.90; Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialNewall, P. W. S., Russell, A. M. T., Sharman, S., & Walasek, L. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106685 · Cited by 12
Halme, J. T. (2011) · Nordic Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.2478/v10199-011-0005-4 · Cited by 11
Lahti, T. A., Halme, J. T., Pankakoski, M., Sinclair, D., & Alho, H. (2012) · International Journal of Mental Health and Addiction · doi:10.1007/s11469-012-9411-4 · Cited by 11
“The symptoms of PG usually start during early adulthood and often co-occur with other mental health problems or substance use disorders (Kessler et al. 2008).”
BackgroundSimilar roles for recovery capital but not stress in women and men recovering from gambling disorder
Gavriel‐Fried, B., Moretta, T., & Potenza, M. N. (2019) · Journal of Behavioral Addictions · doi:10.1556/2006.8.2019.73 · Cited by 11
“Finally, while most studies have probed depression and anxiety in relation to GD severity and problems (Barrault, Bonnaire, & Herrman, 2017; Jauregui, Onaindia, & Estévez, 2017; Kessler et al., 2008), this study measured these in relation to symptom improvement – a measure that reflects recovery.”
BackgroundGenetic aspects of gambling disorders: recent developments and future directions
Lobo, D. S. S. (2016) · Current Behavioral Neuroscience Reports · doi:10.1007/s40473-016-0064-7 · Cited by 10
“(1) The selection of genes in candidate gene studies is based on neuropathways involved in substance use disorder and/or impulsivity, mostly on serotonergic and dopaminergic genes and genes which produce enzymes involved in monoaminemetabolism. InGWAS,millions of genetic markers and polymorphisms are distributed acros…”
Scheidemantel, T., Braun-Gabelman, A., Stefanac, K., Ruedrich, S., & Kotz, M. M. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09833-4 · Cited by 10
Rosen, L., Weinstock, J., & Peter, S. C. (2020) · Journal of Forensic Sciences · doi:10.1111/1556-4029.14476 · Cited by 10
“of treatment seeking, in combination with the debilitating effect of increased psychiatric comorbidities (20,21), effectively cause these problems to go on unabated unless the individual engages”
BackgroundDemographic, Behavioral, and Proximal Risk Factors for Gambling Disorder in the US Military
Wilson, A. L. G., O'Gallagher, K. G., Liu, X., Greenberg, J. G., Otto, J. L., Campbell, M. S., Belsher, B. E., & Evatt, D. P. (2021) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.13137 · Cited by 10
An Empirical Study of the Pathway Model Link Between Cognitive Distortions and Gambling Problems
Philander, K. S., & Gainsbury, S. (2022) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-022-10166-y · Cited by 10
“Due to the low prevalence of persons with gambling problems in the general population, which is estimated at less than 1% of adults (Kessler et al., 2008), we recruited gamblers through the Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) panel.”
BackgroundPharmacological interventions for the treatment of pathological and problem gambling
Anderson, C., Cowlishaw, S., Dowling, N. A., Jackson, A. C., Lorains, F. K., Merkouris, S., Misso, M. L., Radermacher, H. L., & Thomas, S. A. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008936 · Cited by 10
Petry, N., & Champine, R. B. (2012) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-3375-0_40 · Cited by 8
Gambling involvement indicative of underlying behavioral and mental health disorders
Okunna, N. C., Rodríguez-Monguió, R., Smelson, D. A., Poudel, K. C., & Volberg, R. A. (2016) · American Journal on Addictions · doi:10.1111/ajad.12345 · Cited by 10
Nilsson, A., Magnusson, K., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Gumpert, C. H. (2016) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2016-011974 · Cited by 10
A Family Study of Trauma and Coping Strategies in Gambling Disorder
Goghari, V. M., Shakeel, M. K., Swan, J. L., Kim, H. S. A., Sharif-Razi, M., & Hodgins, D. C. (2020) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-020-09963-0 · Cited by 10
Claesdotter‐Knutsson, E., & Håkansson, A. (2021) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/30747 · Cited by 10
“Gambling is strongly associated with comorbid disorders, including alcohol use disorder, depression, substance use disorders, nicotine dependence, anxiety disorders, and antisocial personality disorder [25,26].”
BackgroundProblem gambling and anxiety disorders in the general swedish population – a case control study
Sundqvist, K., & Wennberg, P. (2022) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-022-10117-7 · Cited by 10
Deutscher, K., Gutwinski, S., Bermpohl, F., Bowden‐Jones, H., Fazel, S., & Schreiter, S. (2022) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-022-10140-8 · Cited by 10
Parhami, I., Davtian, M., Hanna, K., Calix, I., & FONG, T. W. (2012) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0029799 · Cited by 10
“However, recent research suggests that the prevalence of disordered gambling is trending upward (Kessler et al., 2008; Shaffer & Hall, 2002), as the accessibility, affordability, anonymity, and convenience offered by online gambling has increased (Griffiths, 2003) and the casino industry has…”
Gambling Industry Employees’ Experiences with an Onsite Responsible Gambling Program
Gray, H. M., Juliver, J., & LaPlante, D. A. (2020) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-020-09969-8 · Cited by 10
Psychological interventions for the treatment of pathological and problem gambling
Anderson, C., Cowlishaw, S., Dowling, N. A., Jackson, A. C., Lorains, F. K., Merkouris, S., Misso, M. L., Radermacher, H. L., & Thomas, S. A. (2011) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd008937 · Cited by 10
Hing, N., Thorne, H. B., Lole, L., Sproston, K., Hodge, N., & Rockloff, M. (2024) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-024-18286-3 · Cited by 11
“Since early uptake of gambling increases the risk of harmful gambling and subsequent mental disorders in later life [4], multi-layered public health interventions are important to discourage gambling in adolescents.”
BackgroundBlack, D. W., & Allen, J. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10003-8 · Cited by 9
Gambling with God: the effect of gambling on religious and spiritual struggles
Weinandy, J. T. G., & Grubbs, J. B. (2021) · Mental Health Religion & Culture · doi:10.1080/13674676.2021.1878491 · Cited by 9
“Both gambling and RSS have been shown to predict significant psychological distress, such as depression and anxiety (e.g., Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundQualitative Experience of Self-Exclusion Programs: A Scoping Review
Devault-Tousignant, C., Lavoie, N., Côté, M., Audette-Chapdelaine, S., Auger, A.-M., Håkansson, A., & Brodeur, M. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20053987 · Cited by 9
“This is important because problem gamblers often have multiple psychiatric comorbidities [5] and counselors have been shown to be important for the decision to self-exclude [11].”
BackgroundRelationships Between Impulsivity, Methamphetamine use Disorder and Gambling Disorder
Wang, Y., Zuo, J., Hao, W., Wu, L., Liu, F., Wang, Q., He, L., Peng, P., Zhou, Y., Li, M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-023-10201-6 · Cited by 9
“…MA use and gambling histories, we first categorized them into three different groups: MAUD without GD (i.e., no gambling behavior or did not meet DSM-5 diagnosis of GD; NGD group), GD onset prior to regular MA use (PrMAU-GD) and GD onset post regular MA use (PoMAU-GD) (Kessler et al., 2008).”
MethodPsychological Interventions in Gambling Disorder
Ginley, M. K., Rash, C. J., & Petry, N. M. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03060-5_9 · Cited by 9
Genetic and Environmental Contributions to Risk for Disordered Gambling
Slutske, W. S. (2019) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-03060-5_5 · Cited by 10
Correlates of At-Risk and Problem Gambling Among Veterans in Massachusetts
Freeman, J. R., Volberg, R. A., & Zorn, M. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-018-9814-7 · Cited by 9
Werner, K. B., Cunningham‐Williams, R. M., Ahuja, M., & Bucholz, K. K. (2019) · Psychology of Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1037/adb0000531 · Cited by 9
“…as early onset gambling has been associated with not only increased severity of gambling problems later in life (Burge, Pietrzak, & Petry, 2006; Kessler et al., 2008) but also, illicit alcohol, drug and other substance use, as well as other problem behaviors (Barnes, Welte, Hoffman, & Tidwell,…”
BackgroundScreening for Gambling Disorder in VA Primary Care Behavioral Health: A Pilot Study
Kraus, S. W., Potenza, M. N., Ngo, T., Pugh, K. E., Bernice, K., & Shirk, S. D. (2020) · Issues in Mental Health Nursing · doi:10.1080/01612840.2020.1793249 · Cited by 9
Otis, E., Yakovenko, I., Sherry, S., Smith, M. M., Goldstein, A. L., Ellery, M., Loverock, A., Wild, T. C., Weilgart-Whitehead, B., & Stewart, S. H. (2020) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2020.110400 · Cited by 11
Moving Away from Individual Responsibility: A Comment
Shaffer, H. J., & Ladouceur, R. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10046-x · Cited by 9
Self-citationThe association between at-risk gambling and binge drinking in the general Swedish population
Sundqvist, K., Rosendahl, I. K., & Wennberg, P. (2015) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2015.07.001 · Cited by 9
Self-medication and pleasure seeking as dichotomous motivations underlying behavioral disorders
Li, X., Lu, Q., & Miller, R. (2012) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2012.12.003 · Cited by 9
“Based on a study published in 2008 in Psychological Medicine (Kessler et al., 2008), researchers report a 2.”
BackgroundPetry, N. M., Rash, C. J., & Blanco, C. (2010) · Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1037/a0021718 · Cited by 9
“…in the United States find that pathological gambling is at least 4 times more prevalent among individuals with alcohol dependence than those without alcohol dependence (Gerstein et al., 1999; Kessler et al., 2008; Petry, Stinson, & Grant, 2005a; Welte, Barnes, Wieczorek, Tidwell, & Parker, 2001).”
Addiction: The genesis and evolution of an idea and its consequences.
Albanese, M. J., & Shaffer, H. J. (2012) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/13751-001 · Cited by 9
Self-citationMilton, A. C., LaMonica, H. M., Dowling, M. J., Yee, H. F., Davenport, T. A., Braunstein, K., Flego, A., Burns, J. M., & Hickie, I. B. (2019) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-019-09900-w · Cited by 10
“, anxiety, mood disorder, and substance use disorder) (Kessler et al. 2008).”
BackgroundInvestigating Possible Effects of Ethnicity and Age on Gambling as an Escape
Cookman, M. L., & Weatherly, J. N. (2015) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-015-9555-9 · Cited by 9
“In a more recent study, Kessler et al. (2008) conducted a nationally representative household survey in the United States.”
BackgroundInfluentialObservations of the first GameSense-branded responsible gambling centre in a US casino
Gray, H. M., Keating, L., Shaffer, H. J., & LaPlante, D. A. (2019) · Health Education Journal · doi:10.1177/0017896919863121 · Cited by 9
“The lifetime rate of sub-clinical gambling disorder is 2.3%, and about 0.6% of American adults report lifetime gambling disorder (Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationShaffer, H. J., & Shaffer, P. M. (2015) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-397045-9.00077-x · Cited by 9
Self-citationBrooks, G., & Clark, L. (2022) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/q35jm · Cited by 9
Stefanovics, E. A., Potenza, M. N., Tsai, J., & Pietrzak, R. H. (2024) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-024-10359-7 · Cited by 8
“Although it has been suggested that SUDs may precede the development of gambling problems (Cowl-ishaw & Hakes, 2015; Kessler et al., 2008; Martinac et al., 2019), which may manifest in part as a maladaptive coping mechanism, the relationship may also be bidirectional.”
InfluentialAltıntaş, M., Başgül, Ş. S., Avcu, A., Macit, R., Büyüköztürk, Ş., Dinçer, D., Özdenler, M., & Öztürk, M. (2024) · Psychiatry and Clinical Psychopharmacology · doi:10.5152/pcp.2024.24907 · Cited by 8
Exploring Food Addiction Across Several Behavioral Addictions: Analysis of Clinical Relevance
Gaspar‐Pérez, A., Granero, R., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Rosińska, M., Artero, C., Ruiz-Torras, S., Gearhardt, A. N., Demetrovics, Z., Guàrdia‐Olmos, J., & Jiménez‐Múrcia, S. (2025) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu17071279 · Cited by 8
Effects of Audiovisual Cues on Game Immersion during Simulated Slot Machine Gambling
Arshad, F., Ferrari, M. A., Murch, W. S., Cherkasova, M. V., Limbrick‐Oldfield, E. H., Winstanley, C. A., & Clark, L. (2025) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-025-10397-9 · Cited by 8
“Among people seeking help for gambling problems, slot machines are often the most preferred and problematic form, and they are further associated with poorer treatment outcomes (Griffiths et al., 1999; Kennedy et al., 2019; Kessler et al., 2008; Ronzitti et al., 2018).”
Casino accessibility and suicide: A county‐level study of 50 US states, 2000 to 2016
Markham, F., Gobaud, A. N., Mehranbod, C. A., & Morrison, C. N. (2023) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.16153 · Cited by 8
A Randomized Controlled Trial for Gambling Disorder and PTSD: Seeking Safety and CBT
Najavits, L. M., Ledgerwood, D. M., & Afifi, T. O. (2023) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-023-10224-z · Cited by 10
“An epidemiological household survey found lifetime comorbidity between PTSD and GD is 14.8%; and GD is a significant predictor of PTSD (Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialCanu, W. H., & Schatz, N. K. (2011) · Journal of College Student Psychotherapy · doi:10.1080/87568225.2011.605697 · Cited by 8
“Further, recent findings from the National Comorbidity Survey Replication study have shown ADHD to be significantly more prevalent in the population of adults reporting PG than those who do not (OR = 1.8; Kessler et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialGenetic of addiction: common and uncommon factors.
Juli, G., & Juli, L. (2015) · PubMed · Cited by 8
Disordered gambling and dementia
Cipriani, G., Cammisuli, D. M., Danti, S., & Fiorino, M. D. (2016) · European Geriatric Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.eurger.2016.02.009 · Cited by 8
“Research also has shown that individuals who are widowed, separated or divorced [10], and individuals who begin gambling at a young age [31] are more susceptible to gambling problems than others.”
BackgroundAssociation Between Gambling and Exposure to Guns Among Cocaine-Using Women
Vaddiparti, K., Striley, C. W., & Cottler, L. B. (2016) · Violence and Gender · doi:10.1089/vio.2015.0053 · Cited by 8
“Likewise, comorbid psychiatric conditions such as generalized anxiety, posttraumatic stress, mood, impulse control disorders, and substance dependence are common with PG (Kessler et al. 2008) and these conditions are found to increase gun-related violence (Casiano et al.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialA Spanish Validation of the Canadian Adolescent Gambling Inventory (CAGI)
Jiménez‐Múrcia, S., Granero, R., Stinchfield, R. D., Tremblay, J., del Pino‐Gutiérrez, A., Moragas, L., Savvidou, L. G., Fernández‐Aranda, F., Aymamí, N., Gómez‐Peña, M., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00177 · Cited by 8
“Age of onset varies widely between samples (Kessler et al., 2008), but a common trend toward gambling at younger ages has been identified in many countries (Volberg et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialOur Voices Matter: Using Lived Experience to Promote Equity in Problem Gambling Prevention
Ortiz, V., Cain, R., Formica, S. W., Bishop, R., Hernández, H., & Lama, L. (2021) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-021-00369-5 · Cited by 8
Black, D. W., & Allen, J. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10056-9 · Cited by 8
Karlsson, A., Hedén, O., Hansson, H., Sandgren, J., & Håkansson, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.688285 · Cited by 10
“Significant differences were found between those with and without SWP regarding psychiatric disorders in general [χ2(1, 848) = 21.”
BackgroundInfluentialFarhat, L. C., Foster, D. W., Wampler, J., Krishnan‐Sarin, S., Hoff, R. A., & Potenza, M. N. (2021) · Journal of Gambling Studies · doi:10.1007/s10899-021-10083-6 · Cited by 8
“Males are frequently found to gamble more regularly and to report gambling in more forms in comparison to females (Desai et al., 2005; Kessler et al., 2008; Lynch et al,. 2004; Welte et al., 2017).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Kessler, R. C., Hwang, I., LaBrie, R., Petukhova, M., Sampson, N. A., Winters, K. C., & Shaffer, H. J.
- Affiliations
- Harvard University (US)
- Cambridge Health Alliance (US)
- University of Minnesota (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kessler, R. C.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2008-02-07
- Volume
- 38
- Issue
- 9
- Pages
- 1351-1360
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC2293303
- OpenAlex
- W2121784510
- Cited by
- 928
- References
- 29
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 27 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 40 · 2021: 49 · 2020: 89 · 2019: 76 · 2018: 67 · 2017: 51 · 2016: 66 · 2015: 62 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 64 · 2012: 65
- FWCI
- 40.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
- John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation
- John W. Alden Trust
- World Health Organization
- National Institutes of Health (5r13mh066849-04, 5r01mh069864-04, 5r01mh070884-05)
- Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
- Johnson and Johnson
- Pan American Health Organization
- National Institute of Mental Health (R13-MH-066849, R01‐MH070884, U01-MH-60220, U13MH066849, U01MH060220, R01‐MH069864)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (K05DA015799, R01DA016558)
- Fogarty International Center (R01-TW006481, R03TW006481)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, problem gambling, prevalence, age of onset, comorbidities, anxiety disorders, mood disorders, impulse control disorders, substance use disorders, generalized anxiety disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder, substance dependence, gambling losses, treatment utilization, DSM-IV diagnostic criteria
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Mental Disorders, Data Collection, Ethnicity, Female, Gambling, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Male, Predictive Value of Tests, Retrospective Studies, Socioeconomic Factors, United States, Comorbidity, Prevalence, Odds Ratio, Age of Onset, Age Distribution, Sex Distribution, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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