Cited by 195Cannabis and Cannabinoid ResearchForensic Toxicology and Drug AnalysisSchizophrenia research and treatment

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Sub-chronic impact of cannabinoids in street cannabis on cognition, psychotic-like symptoms and psychological well-being

Morgan, C. J. A., Gardener, C., Schafer, G., Swan, S., Demarchi, C., Freeman, T. P., Warrington, P., Rupasinghe, I., Ramoutar, A., Tan, N., Wingham, G., Lewis, S., Curran, H. V.·2012·Psychological Medicine

DOI 10.1017/s0033291711001322

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Cannabis varies considerably in levels of its two major constituent cannabinoids - (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD). Recently, we found evidence that those who smoked cannabis containing detectable levels of CBD had fewer psychotic-like symptoms than those whose cannabis had no CBD. The present study aimed, first, to replicate those findings and, second, to determine whether protective effects of CBD may extend to other harms of cannabis, such as memory impairment and reduced psychological well-being. METHOD: A total of 120 current cannabis smokers, 66 daily users and 54 recreational users were classified into groups according to whether analysis of their hair revealed the presence or absence of CBD and high versus low levels of THC. All were assessed on measures of psychosis-like symptoms, memory (prose recall; source memory) and depression/anxiety. RESULTS: Lower psychosis-like symptoms were found in those whose hair had CBD compared with those without. However, this was seen only in recreational users, who had higher levels of THC in their hair. Higher THC levels in hair were associated with increased depression and anxiety. Prose recall and source memory were poorer in daily users with high THC levels in hair while recognition memory was better in individuals with CBD present in hair. CONCLUSIONS: CBD attenuates the psychotic-like effects of cannabis over time in recreational users. Higher THC negatively impacts on memory and psychological well-being. These findings raise concerns for the harms stemming from use of varieties such as 'skunk' (sensimillia), which lack any CBD but currently dominate the supply of cannabis in many countries.

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Authors: Morgan, C. J. A., Gardener, C., Schafer, G., Swan, S., Demarchi, C., Freeman, T. P., Warrington, P., Rupasinghe, I., Ramoutar, A., Tan, N., Wingham, G., Lewis, S., & Curran, H. V.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
Corresponding author: Morgan, C. J. A.
ORCID: Morgan, C. J. A.
Demarchi, C.
Freeman, T. P.
Curran, H. V.
Venue: Psychological Medicine
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2011-07-29
Volume: 42
Issue: 2
Pages: 391-400
ISSN: 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
1469-8978
DOI: 10.1017/s0033291711001322
OpenAlex: W2108405197
Cited by: 195
References: 36
Citations by year: 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 18 · 2016: 14 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 9 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 8
FWCI: 6.56
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified)
Locations: Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Research Bank (Australian Catholic University) (submittedVersion)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
Funders: Medical Research Council
Topics: Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
Keywords: cannabinoids, cannabidiol, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, psychotic-like symptoms, memory impairment, source memory, prose recall, depression, anxiety, psychological well-being, hair analysis
MeSH terms: Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, Cannabidiol, Cognition Disorders, Depression, Female, Hair, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Memory, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Schizotypal Personality Disorder, Illicit Drugs, Dronabinol, Young Adult

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Sub-chronic impact of cannabinoids in street cannabis on cognition, psychotic-like symptoms and psychological well-being

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