Impact of cannabidiol on the acute memory and psychotomimetic effects of smoked cannabis: naturalistic study
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BACKGROUND: The two main constituents of cannabis, cannabidiol and Δ(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), have opposing effects both pharmacologically and behaviourally when administered in the laboratory. Street cannabis is known to contain varying levels of each cannabinoid. AIMS: To study how the varying levels of cannabidiol and THC have an impact on the acute effects of the drug in naturalistic settings. METHOD: Cannabis users (n = 134) were tested 7 days apart on measures of memory and psychotomimetic symptoms, once while they were drug free and once while acutely intoxicated by their own chosen smoked cannabis. Using an unprecedented methodology, a sample of cannabis (as well as saliva) was collected from each user and analysed for levels of cannabinoids. On the basis of highest and lowest cannabidiol content of cannabis, two groups of individuals were directly compared. RESULTS: Groups did not differ in the THC content of the cannabis they smoked. Unlike the marked impairment in prose recall of individuals who smoked cannabis low in cannabidiol, participants smoking cannabis high in cannabidiol showed no memory impairment. Cannabidiol content did not affect psychotomimetic symptoms, which were elevated in both groups when intoxicated. CONCLUSIONS: The antagonistic effects of cannabidiol at the CB(1) receptor are probably responsible for its profile in smoked cannabis, attenuating the memory-impairing effects of THC. In terms of harm reduction, users should be made aware of the higher risk of memory impairment associated with smoking low-cannabidiol strains of cannabis like 'skunk' and encouraged to use strains containing higher levels of cannabidiol.
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Adolescents at risk of substance use problems may display cognitive vulnerabilities that could partially contribute to the cognitive findings, although they do not exclude additional deficits.
“Adolescents at risk of substance use problems may display cognitive vulnerabilities, 17,[117][118][119][120] which could partially contribute to cognitive findings described here, although they do not exclude the possibility of additional deficits.”
From Association of Cannabis With Cognitive Functioning in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [118]
In “THC, cannabidiol and cognition” (page unavailable), the paper suggests that pre-existing group differences might explain poorer fluency observed while some cannabis users were not intoxicated. It does not establish cognitive vulnerabilities in adolescents at risk of substance use problems; it also says the acute prose-recall impairment cannot be attributed to pre-existing group differences. (LLM, conf=0.82)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTwo recent, large-scale studies question the specificity of cannabis as a causal factor in predicting cognitive change after adjusting for confounding variables and familial factors.
“Two recent, largescale studies also question the specificity of cannabis as a causal factor in predicting cognitive change after adjusting for confounding variables and familial factors.118,121”
From Association of Cannabis With Cognitive Functioning in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis (2018) · cites this paper as [118]
The Method and Statistical analyses sections describe an acute, seven-day comparison of cannabis users by cannabidiol content, not a study of cognitive change after adjustment for familial factors. The paper notes that evidence on longer-term effects is equivocal, but our copy does not address the specific claim about large-scale studies and adjusted causal predictions (searched: familial factors, confounding variables, cognitive change). (LLM, conf=0.78)
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- Authors
- Morgan, C. J. A., Schafer, G., Freeman, T. P., & Curran, H. V.
- Affiliations
- University College London (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Curran, H. Valerie
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2010-10
- Volume
- 197
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 285-290
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- OpenAlex
- W2015441565
- Cited by
- 305
- References
- 30
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 23 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 31 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 25 · 2016: 22 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 20 · 2013: 17 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 13.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychedelics and Drug Studies
- Keywords
- cannabidiol, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabis smoking, psychotomimetic effects, CB1 receptor antagonism, harm reduction, prose recall, cannabis users
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Alcohol Drinking, Analysis of Variance, Cannabidiol, Cannabinoids, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Memory, Memory Disorders, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Mental Recall, Saliva, Dronabinol, Verbal Learning, Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB1, Young Adult
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