Considering Cannabis: The Effects of Regular Cannabis Use on Neurocognition in Adolescents and Young Adults
Open accessAbstract
Thirty-six percent of high school seniors have used cannabis in the past year, and an alarming 6.5% smoked cannabis daily, up from 2.4% in 1993 (Johnston et al., 2013). Adolescents and emerging adults are undergoing significant neurodevelopment and animal studies suggest they may be particularly vulnerable to negative drug effects. In this review, we will provide a detailed overview of studies outlining the effects of regular (at least weekly) cannabis use on neurocognition, including studies outlining cognitive, structural and functional findings. We will also explore the public health impact of this research.
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Marijuana abuse has been associated with deficits in cognition.
“Marijuana abuse has been associated with deficits in cognition [124,125].”
From Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach (2017) · cites this paper as [124]
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Altered cerebral blood flow and neurocognitive correlates in adolescent cannabis users
Jacobus, J., Goldenberg, D., Wierenga, C. E., Tolentino, N. J., Liu, T. T., & Tapert, S. F. (2012) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-012-2674-4 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Integrating brain and behavior: Evaluating adolescents’ response to a cannabis intervention.
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Intermediate cannabis dependence phenotypes and the FAAH C385A variant: an exploratory analysis
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Hippocampal Volumes in Adolescents with and without a Family History of Alcoholism
Hanson, K. L., Lisdahl, K. M., Nagel, B. J., Spadoni, A. D., Gorlick, A., & Tapert, S. F. (2010) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952991003736397 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationPsychological dysregulation, white matter disorganization and substance use disorders in adolescence
Clark, D. B., Chung, T. A., Thatcher, D. L., Pajtek, S., & Long, E. C. (2011) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03566.x · Cited by 66 · see citing works
The genetic basis of the endocannabinoid system and drug addiction in humans
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Effects of Chronic Marijuana Use on Brain Activity During Monetary Decision-Making
Vaidya, J. G., Block, R. I., OʼLeary, D. S., Ponto, L. L. B., Ghoneim, M. M., & Bechara, A. (2011) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2011.227 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
fMRI BOLD Response to the Eyes Task in Offspring From Multiplex Alcohol Dependence Families
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Altered parahippocampal functioning in cannabis users is related to the frequency of use
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Adolescence as a gateway to adult health outcomes
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Executive control among adolescent inhalant and cannabis users
Takagi, M., Lubman, D. I., Cotton, S., Fornito, A., Baliz, Y., Tucker, A., & Yücel, M. (2010) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/j.1465-3362.2010.00256.x · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Functional connectivity and cannabis use in high-risk adolescents
Houck, J. M., Bryan, A. D., & Feldstein Ewing, S. W. (2013) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2013.837914 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
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Visual search in long-term cannabis users with early age of onset
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Cortico-cerebellar abnormalities in adolescents with heavy marijuana use
Lopez-Larson, M. P., Rogowska, J., Bogorodzki, P., Bueler, C. E., McGlade, E., & Yurgelun-Todd, D. A. (2012) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2011.11.005 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Failure to sustain prepulse inhibition in adolescent marijuana users
Mathias, C. W., Blumenthal, T. D., Dawes, M. A., Liguori, A., Richard, D. M., Bray, B. C., Tong, W., & Dougherty, D. M. (2011) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.11.020 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
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Adult ADHD and comorbid disorders: clinical implications of a dimensional approach
Katzman, M. A., Bilkey, T. S., Chokka, P. R., Fallu, A., & Klassen, L. J. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1463-3 · Cited by 732 · see citing works
“Marijuana abuse has been associated with deficits in cognition [124, 125].”
BackgroundScott, J. C., Slomiak, S. T., Jones, J. D., Rosen, A. F. G., Moore, T. M., & Gur, R. C. (2018) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2018.0335 · Cited by 391 · see citing works
Adolescent brain cognitive development (ABCD) study: Overview of substance use assessment methods
Lisdahl, K. M., Sher, K. J., Conway, K. P., González, R., Ewing, S. W. F., Nixon, S. J., Tapert, S. F., Bartsch, H., Goldstein, R. Z., & Heitzeg, M. M. (2018) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2018.02.007 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
“, THC and CBD), and routes of administration, which have historically not been well addressed in cannabis research (Feldstein Ewing et al., 2017; Lisdahl et al., 2014).”
Self-citationHammond, C. J., Chaney, A., Hendrickson, B. P., & Sharma, P. (2020) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2020.1713056 · Cited by 199 · see citing works
Cannabinoids in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: A randomised-controlled trial.
Cooper, R., Williams, E., Seegobin, S., Tye, C., Kuntsi, J., & Asherson, P. (2016) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2017.05.005 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“Given that regular, long-term cannabis use has been associated with cognitive impairment (Lisdahl et al., 2014), it is also possible that the absence of negative effects on cognitive performance could be due to the short length of the study.”
Aizpurua‐Olaizola, O., Omar, J., Navarro, P., Olivares, M., Etxebarría, N., & Usobiaga, A. (2014) · Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry · doi:10.1007/s00216-014-8177-x · Cited by 165 · see citing works
Burggren, A. C., Shirazi, A., Ginder, N., & London, E. D. (2019) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2019.1634086 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
“young cannabis users concluded that regular use during the adolescent and emerging adult periods may produce lasting negative effects on cognitive functioning and IQ (140,156,157).”
BackgroundNeurocognitive consequences of chronic cannabis use: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Figueiredo, P. R., Tolomeo, S., Steele, J. D., & Baldacchino, A. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.10.014 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“…cognitive functioning in several domains in adolescents and young adults (i.e. episodic memory, sustained attention, decision making, psychomotor speed, executive functioning, new learning) (Broyd et al., 2016, Curran et al., 2016, Ganzer et al., 2016, Lisdahl et al., 2014, Lubman et al., 2015).”
BackgroundDaily Marijuana Use Is Not Associated with Brain Morphometric Measures in Adolescents or Adults
Weiland, B. J., Thayer, R. E., Depue, B. E., Sabbineni, A., Bryan, A. D., & Hutchison, K. E. (2015) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.2946-14.2015 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
“…of delivery, which may determine how, and which, cannabis components impact individuals (Abrams et al., 2007); interaction of developmental stage (Lisdahl et al., 2014); and interaction of individual genetics with effects of marijuana on the brain (Caspi et al., 2005; Decoster et al., 2012;…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMeier, M. H., Caspi, A., Danese, A., Fisher, H. L., Houts, R., Arseneault, L., & Moffitt, T. E. (2018) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.13946 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Second, although we tested associations between cannabis use and multiple executive function tests, we lacked tests of other neuropsychological functions, such as memory, which has been shown to be impaired in adolescent cannabis users [7,29].”
Ganzer, F., Bröning, S., Kraft, S., Sack, P., & Thomasius, R. (2016) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-016-9316-2 · Cited by 127 · see citing works
Dellazizzo, L., Potvin, S., Giguère, S., & Dumais, A. (2022) · Addiction · doi:10.1111/add.15764 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Gorey, C. M., Kuhns, L., Smaragdi, E., Kroon, E., & Cousijn, J. (2019) · European Archives of Psychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.1007/s00406-019-00981-7 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Mitchell, J. T., Sweitzer, M. M., Tunno, A. M., Kollins, S. H., & McClernon, F. J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0156614 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
Neurobiological signatures associated with alcohol and drug use in the human adolescent brain
Silveri, M. M., Dager, A. D., Cohen‐Gilbert, J. E., & Sneider, J. T. (2016) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.06.042 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“Most consistently, deficits have been observed in earning and memory, executive function, processing speed, and avioral Reviews 70 (2016) 244–259 249 attention (Lisdahl et al., 2014), which persist even after several weeks of abstinence (Hanson et al., 2010; Schweinsburg et al., 2008a).”
BackgroundNader, D. A., & Sanchez, Z. M. (2017) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.1080/00952990.2017.1306746 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
“Furthermore, according to preliminary genetic studies, some subgroups may be at greater risk for cognitive and brain effects following cannabis use (78,79).”
BackgroundHeitzeg, M. M., Cope, L. M., Martz, M. E., & Hardee, J. E. (2015) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-015-0048-9 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Sagar, K. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Gönenç, A., Racine, M. T., Dreman, M. W., & Gruber, S. A. (2015) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2015.03.003 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
“…to cognitive impairments particularly in those who initiate use during adolescence (Crane et al., 2013; Crean et al., 2011; Gruber et al., 2012a; Lisdahl et al., 2014; Solowij and Pesa, der the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). ogniti 2 b e e s i e t b o w…”
InfluentialBlest‐Hopley, G., Colizzi, M., Giampietro, V., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00859 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Splendor in the Grass? A Pilot Study Assessing the Impact of Medical Marijuana on Executive Function
Gruber, S. A., Sagar, K. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Racine, M. T., Smith, R. T., & Lukas, S. E. (2016) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2016.00355 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The association between regular marijuana use and adult mental health outcomes
Guttmannova, K., Kosterman, R., WHITE, H. R., Bailey, J. A., Lee, J. O., Epstein, M., Jones, T. M., & Hawkins, J. D. (2017) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.016 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“…to the persistence of use or prolonged exposure to marijuana, some researchers have hypothesized that this association may be due to the drug’s effects on the developing brain and neurocognitive functioning of adolescents (for review see, e.g., Jacobus et al., 2009; Lisdahl et al., 2014).”
BackgroundStanger, C., Ryan, S. R., Scherer, E. A., Norton, G. E., & Budney, A. J. (2015) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2015.02.009 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“The impact of regular cannabis use on brain structure and function may also be cause for concern.(4) More effective interventions and strategies are sorely needed for adolescents with cannabis and other substance use disorders.”
Cannabis and Canada’s children and youth
Grant, C. N., & Bélanger, R. E. (2017) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxx017 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“• Consider limiting the concentration of THC in cannabis that 18- to 25-year-olds can purchase legally.”
BackgroundInfluentialAizpurua‐Olaizola, O., Zarandona, I., Ortiz, L., Navarro, P., Etxebarría, N., & Usobiaga, A. (2016) · Drug Testing and Analysis · doi:10.1002/dta.1998 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“However, regular use of the plant can cause cognitive deficits especially in adolescents, since their brain is still developing.([6,7]) On the contrary, the neurocognitive effects of chronic use in adults are somewhat inconsistent.”
BackgroundChen, X., Yu, B., Lasopa, S. O., & Cottler, L. B. (2016) · The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse · doi:10.3109/00952990.2016.1165239 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Borille, B. T., Marcelo, M. C. A., Ortiz, R. S., Mariotti, K. D. C., Ferrão, M. F., & Limberger, R. P. (2016) · Spectrochimica Acta Part A Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy · doi:10.1016/j.saa.2016.09.040 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Gruber, S. A., Sagar, K. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Gönenç, A., Smith, R. T., Lambros, A. M., Cabrera, K. B., & Lukas, S. E. (2018) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2017.00983 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“…imaging (fMRI) studies have reported altered activation patterns within the prefrontal cortex as well as orbitofrontal, cingulate, and subcortical/limbic regions of recreational MJ users compared to non-using control subjects during tasks of executive function (Lisdahl et al., 2014, for review).”
BackgroundInfluentialNegative and interactive effects of sex, aging, and alcohol abuse on gray matter morphometry
Thayer, R. E., Hagerty, S. L., Sabbineni, A., Claus, E. D., Hutchison, K. E., & Weiland, B. J. (2016) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.23172 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“Recent studies have suggested that marijuana use has equivocal or small associations with brain morphometry above and beyond heavy alcohol use [Lisdahl et al., 2014; Weiland et al., 2015].”
BackgroundSagar, K. A., & Gruber, S. A. (2018) · International Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1080/09540261.2018.1460334 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“…Weinstein, Livny, & Weizman, 2016), and many agree that individuals who begin to use MJ in adolescence or those with earlier onset of use are more likely to demonstrate neurobiologic alterations than individuals who initiate use later in life (Gruber & Sagar, 2017; Lisdahl et al., 2013, 2014).”
BackgroundAthanassiou, M., Dumais, A., Zouaoui, I., & Potvin, S. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2022.1060656 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Cortical thinness and volume differences associated with marijuana abuse in emerging adults
Mashhoon, Y., Sava, S., Sneider, J. T., Nickerson, L. D. H., & Silveri, M. M. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.016 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Lisdahl, K. M., Tamm, L., Epstein, J. N., Jernigan, T. L., Molina, B. S. G., Hinshaw, S. P., Swanson, J. M., Newman, E. R., Kelly, C. A. M., Bjork, J. M., et al. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.01.032 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
“Regular CAN use in youth has been linked with neurocognitive bnormalities (see Batalla et al., 2013), especially in those with n early age of CAN use onset (see Lisdahl et al., 2013, 2014 for eviews).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationPros and Cons of Medical Cannabis use by People with Chronic Brain Disorders
Suryadevara, U., Bruijnzeel, D. M., Nuthi, M., Jagnarine, D. A., Tandon, R., & Bruijnzeel, A. W. (2017) · Current Neuropharmacology · doi:10.2174/1570159x14666161101095325 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Wallace, A. L., Wade, N. E., Hatcher, K., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2018) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1093/arclin/acy080 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Self-citationSagar, K. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Lambros, A. M., Smith, R. T., El-Abboud, C., & Gruber, S. A. (2021) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617721000114 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“In contrast to studies reporting decrements in cognitive performance among recreational cannabis consumers, particularly those with adolescent onset (Crean et al., 2011; Lisdahl et al., 2014; Sagar & Gruber, 2018), data from the current investigation suggest that 3 to 12 months of MC use does not appear to be associat…”
BackgroundResultThe role of decision-making in cannabis-related problems among young adults
González, R., Schuster, R. M., Mermelstein, R. M., & Diviak, K. R. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.046 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Wade, N. E., Scerpella, D. L., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166005 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Self-citationRitchay, M. M., Huggins, A. A., Wallace, A. L., Larson, C. L., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2021) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102664 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Further, regular cannabis use is related to lower IQ and deficits in processing speed, attention, executive functioning, and memory in this age group (Lisdahl et al., 2013; Lisdahl et al., 2018; Lisdahl et al., 2014).”
Self-citationSchuster, R. M., Hanly, A. M., Gilman, J. M., Budney, A. J., Vandrey, R. G., & Evins, A. E. (2016) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2016.08.622 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Indeed, frequent use during this developmental period is the best predictor of persistent use in adulthood (Chen and Kandel, 1995; SAMHSA, 2014) and adverse cognitive (Gruber et al., 2012; Jacobus and Tapert, 2014; Lisdahl and Price, 2012; Lisdahl et al., 2014; Solowij et al., 2011), psychosocial (Chadwick et al.”
BackgroundImpact of 2 Weeks of Monitored Abstinence on Cognition in Adolescent and Young Adult Cannabis Users
Wallace, A. L., Wade, N. E., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2020) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617720000260 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Regular cannabis use during adolescence and early adulthood has been previously associated with neurocognitive deficits (Lisdahl, Gilbart, Wright, & Shollenbarger, 2013; Lisdahl et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationLanza, H. I., Bello, M. S., Cho, J., Barrington‐Trimis, J. L., McConnell, R., Braymiller, J. L., Krueger, E. A., & Leventhal, A. M. (2021) · Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106545 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“For example, during a period characterized by significant changes to higher-order neuro-cognitive processes (Galván and Tottenham, 2016), combustible cannabis, linked to deficits in decision-making, sustained attention, and planning (Lisdahl et al., 2014), had the highest probability of use of any substance/product ac…”
BackgroundPost-legalization changes in marijuana use in a sample of young California adults
Doran, N., Strong, D. R., Myers, M. G., Correa, J. B., & Tully, L. K. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106782 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Allendorfer, J. B., & Szaflarski, J. P. (2017) · Epilepsy & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.11.020 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Sagar, K. A., & Gruber, S. A. (2018) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/nyas.13990 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Disentangling the lasting effects of adolescent cannabinoid exposure
Stringfield, S. J., & Torregrossa, M. M. (2021) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2020.110067 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Wade, N. E., Wallace, A. L., Swartz, A. M., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2018) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617718000966 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Prior studies have often noted negative relationships between CAN use and neuropsychological functioning in emerging adults (for review, see Ganzer, Bröning, Kraft, Sack, & Thomasius, 2016; Lisdahl et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationPrevalence and Correlates of Medicinal Cannabis Use Among Adolescents
Wardell, J. D., Rueda, S., Elton‐Marshall, T., Mann, R. E., & Hamilton, H. A. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.032 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Sagar, K. A., Dahlgren, M. K., Racine, M. T., Dreman, M. W., Olson, D. P., & Gruber, S. A. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0157060 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Meier, M. H., Schriber, R. A., Beardslee, J., Hanson, J. L., & Pardini, D. A. (2019) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.05.012 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Cannabis use from age 13-19 was the focus given the hypothesis that adolescents may be particularly vulnerable to cannabis effects (Brumback et al.,2016; Lisdahl et al., 2013; Lisdahl et al., 2014; Lubman et al., 2015; Solowij and Battisti, 2008).”
Gruber, S. A., & Sagar, K. A. (2017) · Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1177/2372732216684851 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Distinct effects of childhood ADHD and cannabis use on brain functional architecture in young adults
Kelly, C. A. M., Castellanos, F. X., Tomaselli, O., Lisdahl, K. M., Tamm, L., Jernigan, T. L., Newman, E. R., Epstein, J. N., Molina, B. S. G., Greenhill, L. L., et al. (2016) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2016.09.012 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“…(e.g., Batalla et al., 2013) of compensatory neuroadaptation to cannabis use, aswell as evidence of greater effects with greater chronicity of use (Lisdahl et al., 2014), studies in larger longitudinal samples are required before we can conclude that cannabis use in the context of a childhood…”
Self-citationThe relationship between cannabis use and cortisol levels in youth at ultra high-risk for psychosis
Carol, E. E., Spencer, R. L., & Mittal, V. A. (2017) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.04.017 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“Additionally, the cannabis plant is immensely complex and can be bred to yield hundreds of strains, each with a unique cannabinoid profile (Lisdahl et al., 2014).”
BackgroundOkafor, C. N., Plankey, M. W., Li, M. J., Chen, X., Surkan, P. J., SHOPTAW, S. J., Martin, E. M., Cohen, R. A., Sacktor, N. C., & Cook, R. L. (2019) · Substance Use & Misuse · doi:10.1080/10826084.2018.1495736 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Intrinsic Frontolimbic Connectivity and Mood Symptoms in Young Adult Cannabis Users
Shollenbarger, S. G., Thomas, A. M., Wade, N. E., Gruber, S. A., Tapert, S. F., Filbey, F. M., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2019.00311 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationHammond, C. J., Allick, A., Rahman, N., & Nanavati, J. (2019) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1089/cap.2019.0007 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“…our findings, prior studies in the adolescent addiction literature describe functional and, to a lesser extent, structural abnormalities in frontal and subcortical brain regions among youth who chronically use alcohol and other drugs (Hammond et al. 2014; Lisdahl et al. 2014; Brumback et al. 2015).”
ResultDavis, A. N., Carlo, G., Hardy, S. A., Olthuis, J. V., & Zamboanga, B. L. (2016) · The Journal of Social Psychology · doi:10.1080/00224545.2016.1263596 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Blest‐Hopley, G., O’Neill, A., Wilson, R. P., Giampietro, V., Lythgoe, D. J., Egerton, A., & Bhattacharyya, S. (2019) · Addiction Biology · doi:10.1111/adb.12827 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Maple, K. E., Thomas, A. M., Kangiser, M. M., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2019) · Psychiatry Research Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2019.04.011 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“In functional neuroimaging studies of cannabis users, aberrant activation patterns often occur without differences in task performance (Lisdahl et al., 2014), Maple et al.”
BackgroundSelf-citationNaturalistic exploratory study of the associations of substance use on ADHD outcomes and function
MacDonald, B., & Sadek, J. R. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03263-6 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Genetic and Environmental Factors Associated with Cannabis Involvement
Bogdan, R., Winstone, J. M. A., & Arpana Agrawal, A. (2016) · Current Addiction Reports · doi:10.1007/s40429-016-0103-1 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Jiang, C., Li, C., Zhou, H., & Zhou, Z. (2020) · Adicciones · doi:10.20882/adicciones.1342 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Nouh, R. A., Kamal, A., & Abdelnaser, A. (2023) · Pharmaceutics · doi:10.3390/pharmaceutics15041151 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Wade, N. E., Wallace, A. L., Huestis, M. A., Lisdahl, K. M., Sullivan, R. M., & Tapert, S. F. (2023) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2023.107930 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Self-citationButtazzoni, A. N., Tariq, U., Thompson-Haile, A., Burkhalter, R., Cooke, M. J., & Minaker, L. M. (2020) · Health Education & Behavior · doi:10.1177/1090198120965509 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
“Cannabis use during these important developmental years has many potential adverse consequences and can contribute to long-term issues such as deficits in individual cognitive and executive functioning, including decision making, memory, problem solving, and sustained attention (Fontes et al., 2011; Lisdahl et al., 20…”
BackgroundInfluentialAtkinson, D. L., & Abbott, J. K. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-804791-0.00003-3 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Hennessy, E. A., Tanner‐Smith, E. E., Finch, A. J., Sathe, N. A., & Kugley, S. (2018) · Campbell Systematic Reviews · doi:10.4073/csr.2018.9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Taurisano, P., Pergola, G., Monda, A., Antonucci, L. A., Carlo, P. D., Piarulli, F. M., Passiatore, R., Papalino, M., Romano, R., Monaco, A., et al. (2020) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-020-00256-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Wade, N. E., Baca, R. E., Courtney, K. E., McCabe, C. J., Infante, M. A., Huestis, M. A., & Jacobus, J. (2021) · Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society · doi:10.1017/s1355617721000205 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Camchong, J., Collins, P. F., Becker, M. P., Lim, K. O., & Luciana, M. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00514 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Petker, T. D., Ferro, M. A., Ameringen, M. V., Murphy, J. G., & MacKillop, J. M. (2021) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-021-05781-3 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Cognitive Development and Cannabis Use in Adolescents
Frolli, A., Ricci, M. C., Cavallaro, A., Lombardi, A., Bosco, A., Carmine, F. D., Operto, F. F., & Franzese, L. (2021) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs11030037 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Characteristics of Marijuana Acquisition Among a National Sample of Adolescent Users
King, K. A., Merianos, A. L., & Vidourek, R. A. (2016) · American Journal of Health Education · doi:10.1080/19325037.2016.1157535 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Sullivan, R. M., Wallace, A. L., Wade, N. E., Swartz, A. M., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10020117 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Frequent cannabis use, especially high-potency THC products, is associated with structural alterations in medial-temporal, frontal, limbic, and cerebellar regions [7,8,13], however, the extant literature regarding definitive effects on brain structure have garnered mixed findings [14].”
BackgroundSelf-citationThe cannabis conundrum: Thinking outside the THC box
Hagerty, S. L., Williams, S., Mittal, V. A., & Hutchison, K. E. (2015) · The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology · doi:10.1002/jcph.511 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Perceived effects of cannabis and changes in driving performance under the influence of cannabis
Burt, T. S., Brown, T. L., Schmitt, R., McGehee, D. V., Milavetz, G., Gaffney, G., & Berka, C. (2021) · Traffic Injury Prevention · doi:10.1080/15389588.2021.1933459 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
“Driving during acute cannabis intoxication impairs psychomotor functions along with a variety of critical driving-related skills (Lisdahl et al. 2014; Broyd et al. 2016; Newmeyer et al. 2017; Hartley et al. 2019).”
BackgroundGlowacz, F., & Schmits, É. (2017) · European Review of Applied Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.erap.2017.05.004 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Cross-domain correlates of cannabis use disorder severity among young adults
Schuster, R. M., Hareli, M., Moser, A. D., Lowman, K. L., Gilman, J. M., Ulysse, C. A., Schoenfeld, D., & Evins, A. E. (2019) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2019.01.029 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Surprisingly, the current study did not find an association between performance-based cognitive deficits and CUD severity, as demonstrated previously (Crane et al., 2013; Hanson et al., 2010; Lisdahl et al., 2014; Meier et al., 2012).”
The modulatory role of cannabis use in subconcussive neural injury
Kalbfell, R. M., Rettke, D. J., Mackie, K., Ejima, K., Harezlak, J., Alexander, I. L., Wager‐Miller, J., Johnson, B. D., Newman, S. D., & Kawata, K. (2023) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2023.106948 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Visual attention to motion stimuli and its neural correlates in cannabis users
Mikulskaya, E., & Martin, F. H. (2017) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1111/ejn.13810 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“In cannabis users with adolescent onset, impairments in executive functioning and sustained attention persist into adulthood (reviewed in Lisdahl et al., 2014), with no recovery found in neuropsychological functioning after cessation of use (Meier et al., 2012).”
BackgroundDager, A. D., Tice, M., Book, G. A., Tennen, H. A., Raskin, S. A., Austad, C. S., Wood, R. M., Fallahi, C. R., Hawkins, K. A., & Pearlson, G. D. (2018) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2018.03.025 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
THC Exposure is Reflected in the Microstructure of the Cerebral Cortex and Amygdala of Young Adults
Cabeen, R. P., Allman, J. M., & Toga, A. W. (2020) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhaa087 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Wade, N. E., McCabe, C. J., Wallace, A. L., Gonzalez, M. R., Hoh, E., Infante, M. A., Mejia, M. H., & Haist, F. (2022) · Biological Psychiatry Global Open Science · doi:10.1016/j.bpsgos.2022.01.010 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“While a growing body of literature has considered how personal cannabis use may impact cognition in adolescents (45,46), involuntary exposure through secondhand and environmental exposure is underrepresented in the field.”
BackgroundToo young for Cannabis? Choice of minimum legal age for legalized non-medical Cannabis in Canada
Nguyen, H. V., Bornstein, S., Gamble, J., Mathews, M., Bishop, L. D., & Mital, S. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-08639-z · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Neuroscientific evidence suggests that the pre-frontal cortex continues to develop into early adulthood and exposure to cannabis in adolescence results in executive dysfunction, attention deficits, reduced overall intelligence, cognitive inhibition and abstract reasoning, and abnormal brain activation [11].”
BackgroundIncreased White Matter Coherence Following Three and Six Months of Medical Cannabis Treatment
Dahlgren, M. K., Gönenç, A., Sagar, K. A., Smith, R. T., Lambros, A. M., El-Abboud, C., & Gruber, S. A. (2022) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1089/can.2022.0097 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Given that initiation of MC treatment generally occurs later in life relative to recreational use,(31) MC patients are typically beyond periods of neurodevelopmental vulnerability that remain a concern for young, recreational consumers.(29,30) Further, Filbey et al demonstrated that FA may increase with initial onset…”
BackgroundHassan, S. S. M., Kamel, A. H., Awwad, N. S., & Aboterika, A. H. A. (2023) · ACS Omega · doi:10.1021/acsomega.3c02809 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Wardell, J. D. (2022) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2022.83.528 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Harris, J. C., Wallace, A. L., Thomas, A. M., Wirtz, H. G., Kaiver, C. M., & Lisdahl, K. M. (2022) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci12020287 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“Some studies have found attentional abnormalities measured on neuropsychological tests in cannabis using adolescent and young adults compared to controls after two to three weeks of monitored abstinence [22,28,33,41].”
BackgroundSelf-citationBernier, D. C., Bartha, R., McAllindon, D. P., Hanstock, C. C., Marchand, Y., Dillen, K. N. H., Gallant, M., Good, K. P., & Tibbo, P. G. (2016) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2016.04.022 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“In terms of substance and polysubstance use in otherwise healthy individuals, compilations of neuroimaging studies concluded that abnormalities in white matter structure are also observed in many structural studies (Lisdahl et al., 2014; Niciu and Mason, 2014).”
BackgroundDetermination of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol content of cannabis seizures in Egypt
Souleman, A. M. A., Gaafar, A. E.-D. M., Abdel‐Salam, O. M. E., & ElShebiney, S. A. (2017) · Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.apjtm.2017.03.011 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Teen Reports of Cannabis for Medical Reasons—What Does That Mean?
Budney, A. J. (2020) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.09.044 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Baumer, A. M., Nestor, B. A., Potter, K. W., Knoll, S. J., Evins, A. E., Gilman, J. M., Kossowsky, J., & Schuster, R. M. (2023) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2023.110989 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Wade, N. E., Courtney, K. E., Wallace, A. L., Hatz, L. E., & Jacobus, J. (2024) · Journal of Cannabis Research · doi:10.1186/s42238-024-00225-z · Cited by 7 · see citing works
The effect of cannabis exposure on pubertal outcomes: a systematic review
Sims, E. D., Anvari, S., Lee, Y., Samaan, Z., Banfield, L. E., Thabane, L., & Samaan, M. C. (2018) · Adolescent Health Medicine and Therapeutics · doi:10.2147/ahmt.s175864 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
College Degree Attainment by Age of First Marijuana Use and Parental Education
Linden‐Carmichael, A. N., Kloska, D. D., Evans‐Polce, R. J., Lanza, S. T., & Patrick, M. E. (2018) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2018.1521354 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cannabis use, schizotypy, and negative priming
Albertella, L., Pelley, M. E. L., & Copeland, J. (2015) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2015.05.074 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…variables were entered into the model regardless of group differences, since prior research indicates their possible influence on negative priming or cognition in general (Ehrenreich et al., 1999; Braunstein-Bercovitz, 2000; Curran et al., 2002; Verdejo-Garcıá et al., 2005; Lisdahl et al., 2014).”
MethodDo Differences in Learning Performance Precede or Follow Initiation of Marijuana Use?
Barthelemy, O. J., Richardson, M. A., Heeren, T., Chen, C. A., Liebschutz, J. M., Forman, L. S., Cabral, H., Frank, D. A., & Jacobs, R. R. (2019) · Journal of Studies on Alcohol and Drugs · doi:10.15288/jsad.2019.80.5 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Relatively inefficient learning for earlier initiators is consistent with much of the relevant literature (Broyd et al., 2016; Lisdahl et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialLi, J., Zhang, Y., Zhou, Y., & Feng, X. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry · doi:10.1080/10408347.2020.1864718 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Endogenous Cannabinoids in Crohn’s Disease
Bochenek, M. S., Tomasik, J. T., Wędrychowicz, A., & Tomasik, P. (2024) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app14156646 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Fanale, C. M., Maarhuis, P. L., Wright, B. R., & Caffrey, K. (2017) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2017.01.018 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Kangas, B. D., Deshpande, H. U., Withey, S. L., Spealman, R. D., Bergman, J., & Kohut, S. J. (2024) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-024-02024-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Considering the major neurodevelopmental changes that occur during adolescence [15 – 18], it is perhaps not surprising that cognitive functioning may be affected in an enduring manner [19, 20].”
- Authors
- Lisdahl, K. M., Wright, N. E., Medina-Kirchner, C., Maple, K. E., & Shollenbarger, S.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee (US)
- Corresponding author
- Lisdahl, Krista M.
- Venue
- Current Addiction Reports
- Published
- 2014-04-26
- Volume
- 1
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 144-156
- ISSN
- 2196-2952 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4084860
- OpenAlex
- W2101846840
- Cited by
- 160
- References
- 120
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 12 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 16 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 22 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 2
- FWCI
- 12.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
- Locations
- Current Addiction Reports (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (R01DA030354)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health › Prenatal Substance Exposure Effects
- Keywords
- cannabis use, neurocognitive function, adolescents, young adults, brain development, cognitive function, brain structure, brain function, public health impact
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