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Disordered gambling among higher-frequency gamblers: who is at risk?
Abstract
BACKGROUND: When gambling opportunities are made available to the public in a given jurisdiction, some individuals participate occasionally and others more frequently. Among frequent gamblers, some individuals develop problematic involvement and some do not. This study addresses the association among demographic and social risk factors, frequency of gambling and gambling disorders. METHOD: Data from an adult community sample (n=1372) were used to identify risk factors for higher-frequency gambling and disordered gambling involvement. RESULTS: Individuals with higher intelligence, older individuals and more religious individuals were less frequent gamblers. Males, single individuals and those exposed to gambling environments (friends and family who gamble) and those who started to gamble at a younger age were more frequent gamblers. Excitement-seeking personality traits were also higher among more frequent gamblers. A different set of risk factors was associated with the likelihood of gambling disorder among these higher-frequency gamblers. These variables included mental health indicators, childhood maltreatment and parental gambling involvement. Among higher-frequency gamblers, individuals who smoke cigarettes, those with a diagnosis of alcohol or drug dependence or obsessive-compulsive disorder, those with higher anxiety or depression and those with higher impulsivity and antisocial personality traits were more likely to report gambling-related problems. These individuals were also more likely to report gambling on electronic gambling machines (e.g. slot machines). CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest a model in which higher-frequency gambling, particularly with electronic gambling machines, when combined with any type of emotional vulnerability increased the likelihood of gambling disorder.
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There is some evidence that there is a different set of factors associated with the frequency of gambling than the likelihood of gambling disorder among high-frequency gamblers.
“for example, there is some evidence that there is a different set of factors associated with the frequency of gambling than the likelihood of gambling disorder among high-frequency gamblers (Hodgins et al., 2012).”
From Early risk and protective factors for problem gambling: a systematic review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies (2017) · cites this paper as Hodgins et al., 2012
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Metadata
- Authors
- Hodgins, D. C., Schopflocher, D. P., Martin, C. R., el-Guebaly, N., Casey, D. M., Currie, S. R., Smith, G. J., & Williams, R. J.
- Affiliations
- University of Calgary (CA)
- University of Alberta (CA)
- University of Lethbridge (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Hodgins, D. C.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-04-13
- Volume
- 42
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 2433-2444
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2134621325
- Cited by
- 72
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2025: 2 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 10 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 4
- FWCI
- 6.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Impact of Technology on Adolescents
- Keywords
- gambling addiction, gambling frequency, risk factors, demographic factors, social risk factors, child abuse, parental gambling, personality traits, impulsivity, antisocial personality, mental health, electronic gaming machines, slot machines, smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction, obsessive-compulsive disorder, anxiety, depression
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Alberta, Female, Gambling, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Sex Factors, Comorbidity
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