The association between cannabis abuse and subsequent schizophrenia: A Swedish national co-relative control study
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BACKGROUND: Although cannabis abuse (CA) is known to be associated with schizophrenia, the causal nature of this association is unclear, with prodromal effects complicating its interpretation. METHOD: From Swedish national registry databases, we used a co-relative case-control design with full-sibling, half-sibling and first-cousin comparisons, alongside a general Swedish population sample. Using ICD codes, 5456 individuals with an initial diagnosis of schizophrenia (2000-2010) were matched with five schizophrenia-free controls. We further identified first-cousin, half-sibling and full-sibling pairs discordant for CA and statistically extrapolated results for discordant monozygotic (MZ) twins. RESULTS: Within the general Swedish population, CA was strongly associated with later schizophrenia [odds ratio (OR) 10.44, 95% confidence interval (CI) 8.99-12.11]. This association was substantially attenuated both by increasing temporal delays between CA exposure and schizophrenia diagnosis and by controlling for increasing degrees of familial confounding. Extrapolated discordant MZ pairs suggested that fully controlling for confounding familial factors reduced the association between CA and later schizophrenia to more modest levels (ORs of approximately 3.3 and 1.6 with 3- and 7-year temporal delays respectively). Opiate, sedative, cocaine/stimulant and hallucinogen abuse were also strongly associated with subsequent schizophrenia in the general population. After controlling for familial confounding, only cocaine/stimulant exposure remained associated. CONCLUSIONS: CA has an appreciable causal impact on future risk for schizophrenia. However, population-based estimates of cannabis-schizophrenia co-morbidity substantially overestimate their causal association. Predictions of the cases of schizophrenia that might be prevented by reduced cannabis consumption based on population associations are therefore likely to be considerably overestimated.
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A recent study using a co-relative case-control design found that the association between cannabis disorder and schizophrenia became substantially smaller with increasing genetic relatedness from cousin pairs to monozygotic twins, suggesting that estimates from population studies may be overestimated due to genetic and shared environment effects.
“However, a recent study (26) using a co-relative case-control design found that the association between cannabis disorder and schizophrenia became substantially smaller with increasing genetic relatedness from cousinpairs to monozygotic twins, suggesting that estimates from population studies may be overestimated due to genetic and shared environment effects.”
From Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence (2016) · cites this paper as [26]
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- Authors
- Giordano, G. N., Ohlsson, H., Sundquist, K., Sundquist, J., & Kendler, K. S.
- Affiliations
- Lund University (SE)
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Kendler, K. S.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-07-01
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 407-414
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC4282828
- OpenAlex
- W2063105674
- Cited by
- 74
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 4 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 11 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 8.91
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lund University Publications (Lund University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet (2013-1836, K2012-70X-15428-08-3)
- Forskningsrådet om Hälsa, Arbetsliv och Välfärd (2013‐1836, 2012-2378)
- Region Skåne (K2012-70X-15428-08-3)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA030005, R01DA030005)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Substance Abuse Treatment and Outcomes
- Keywords
- cannabis use disorder, schizophrenia, causal relationship, familial confounding, monozygotic twin discordance, time delay, opiate abuse, sedative abuse, schizophrenia prevention
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Marijuana Abuse, Family, Female, Hallucinogens, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia, Sweden, Twins, Monozygotic, Comorbidity, Causality, Odds Ratio, Case-Control Studies, Siblings, Young Adult
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