Cannabis use in adolescence and risk for adult psychosis: longitudinal prospective study.
Open accessAbstract
A mycoplasma-encoded purine nucleoside phosphorylase (designated PNPHyor) has been cloned and characterized for the first time. Efficient phosphorolysis of natural 6-oxopurine and 6-aminopurine nucleosides was observed, with adenosine the preferred natural substrate (Km = 61 µM). Several cytostatic purine nucleoside analogs proved to be susceptible to PNPHyor-mediated phosphorolysis, and a markedly decreased or increased cytostatic activity was observed in Mycoplasma hyorhinis–infected human breast carcinoma MCF-7 cell cultures (MCF-7.Hyor), depending on the properties of the released purine base. We demonstrated an ∼10-fold loss of cytostatic activity of cladribine in MCF-7.Hyor cells and observed a rapid and complete phosphorolysis of this drug when it was exposed to the supernatant of mycoplasma-infected cells. This conversion (inactivation) could be prevented by a specific PNP inhibitor. These findings correlated well with the high efficiency of PNPHyor-catalyzed phosphorolysis of cladribine to its less toxic base 2-chloroadenine (Km = 80 µM). In contrast, the cytostatic activity of nucleoside analogs carrying a highly toxic purine base and being a substrate for PNPHyor, but not human PNP, was substantially increased in MCF-7.Hyor cells (∼130-fold for fludarabine and ∼45-fold for 6-methylpurine-2′-deoxyriboside). Elimination of the mycoplasma from the tumor cell cultures or selective inhibition of PNPHyor by a PNP inhibitor restored the cytostatic activity of the purine-based nucleoside drugs. Since several studies suggest a high and preferential colonization or association of tumor tissue in cancer patients with different prokaryotes (including mycoplasmas), the data presented here may be of relevance for the optimization of purine nucleoside–based anticancer drug treatment.
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In the Dunedin birth cohort study, first use of cannabis between age 15 and 18 was associated with a weaker increase in schizophreniform disorder at age 26 (OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.8, 5.0).
“In the Dunedin birth cohort study (13) cannabis use by age 15 was associated with an increase in schizophreniform disorder at age 26 (OR 11.4, 95% CI 1.8, 70.5), with a weaker association in those first using between age 15 and 18 (OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.8, 5.0), although confidence intervals were wide and overlapping.”
From Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
The Methods and results table reports an odds ratio of 1.95 (95% CI 0.76–5.01) for schizophreniform disorder among cannabis users by age 18, matching the cited figures when rounded. But the study defines that group as people who first reported using cannabis three or more times at age 18; it does not establish that their first use occurred between ages 15 and 18. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn the Dunedin birth cohort study, cannabis use by age 15 was associated with an increase in schizophreniform disorder at age 26 (OR 11.4, 95% CI 1.8, 70.5).
“In the Dunedin birth cohort study (13) cannabis use by age 15 was associated with an increase in schizophreniform disorder at age 26 (OR 11.4, 95% CI 1.8, 70.5), with a weaker association in those first using between age 15 and 18 (OR 2.0, 95% CI 0.8, 5.0), although confidence intervals were wide and overlapping.”
From Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
In the Dunedin study, CIs for the two age-of-first-use groups overlapped substantially and were not directly compared, so findings are potentially consistent with sampling error.
“However, CIs for the two groups overlapped substantially and were not directly compared, so findings are potentially consistent with sampling error.”
From Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
In the Dunedin study, participants who used cannabis by age 15 had a higher point estimate of association with schizophreniform disorder than those who used by age 18, suggesting the presence of a sensitive period of risk.
“In the Dunedin study, the authors stratified their findings by age of first use of cannabis (13), and found that participants who used cannabis by age 15 had a higher point estimate of association with schizophreniform disorder than those who used by age 18, suggesting the presence of a sensitive period of risk.”
From Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
A number of studies found evidence for specificity of exposure, namely that associations between other drug use and psychosis are weaker than for cannabis.
“For example, a number of studies (12)(13)(14), although not all (16,23) found evidence for specificity of exposure, namely that associations between other drug use and psychosis are weaker than for cannabis.”
From Association Between Cannabis and Psychosis: Epidemiologic Evidence (2016) · cites this paper as [13]
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- Authors
- Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Poulton, R., Murray, R., Caspi, A., & Moffitt, T. E.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- University of Otago (NZ)
- Corresponding author
- Moffitt, Terrie E
- Venue
- BMJ
- Publisher
- BMJ
- Published
- 2002-11-23
- Volume
- 325
- Issue
- 7374
- Pages
- 1212-1213
- ISSN
- 0007-1447 (ISSN-L)
- 0959-8138
- 1468-5833
- PMC
- PMC135493
- OpenAlex
- W1999561105
- Cited by
- 1,399
- References
- 9
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 30 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 39 · 2020: 109 · 2019: 53 · 2018: 62 · 2017: 64 · 2016: 97 · 2015: 69 · 2014: 64 · 2013: 67 · 2012: 66
- FWCI
- 28.44
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- www.bmj.com/company/legal-information/terms-conditions/legal-information/tdm-licencepolicy (tdm)
- Locations
- BMJ (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Schizophrenia Research Fund
- Medical Research Council
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-49414, MH 45070, R01MH049414, R01MH045070)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- cannabis use, adolescence, psychosis, psychosis risk, Mycoplasma, purine nucleoside phosphorylase, cladribine, purine nucleoside analogues, drug inactivation, breast cancer, MCF-7 cells, fludarabine, anticancer drug toxicity
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Marijuana Abuse, Depressive Disorder, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, New Zealand, Prospective Studies, Regression Analysis, Risk Factors, Schizophrenia, Logistic Models
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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