High-potency cannabis and the risk of psychosis
Open accessAbstract
Background: People who use cannabis have an increased risk of psychosis an effect attributed to the active ingredient δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC). There has recently been concern over an increase in the concentration of Δ9-THC in the cannabis available in many countries. Aims: To investigate whether people with a first episode of psychosis were particularly likely to use high-potency cannabis. Method: We collected information on cannabis use from 280 cases presenting with a first episode of psychosis to the South London & Maudsley National Health Service (NHS) Foundation Trust, and from 174 healthy controls recruited from the local population. Results: There was no significant difference between cases and controls in whether they had ever taken cannabis, or age at first use. However, those in the cases group were more likely to be current daily users (OR = 6.4) and to have smoked cannabis for more than 5 years (OR = 2.1). Among those who used cannabis, 78% of the cases group used high-potency cannabis (sinsemilla, ‘skunk’) compared with 37% of the control group (OR 6.8). Conclusions: The finding that people with a first episode of psychosis had smoked higher-potency cannabis, for longer and with greater frequency, than a healthy control group is consistent with the hypothesis that Δ9-THC is the active ingredient increasing risk of psychosis. This has important public health implications, given the increased availability and use of high-potency cannabis.
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The paper gives a weak recommendation against cannabinoids in neuropathic pain, mainly because of negative results and risks of misuse, abuse, diversion, and long-term mental health harm in susceptible people.
“We provide a weak recommendation against the use of cannabinoids in neuropathic pain, mainly because of negative results, potential misuse, abuse, diversion and long term mental health risks particularly in susceptible individuals.66–71”
From Pharmacotherapy for neuropathic pain in adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis (2015) · cites this paper as [66]
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Substance use, medication adherence and outcome one year following a first episode of psychosis
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- Authors
- Di Forti, M., Morgan, C., Dazzan, P., Pariante, C., Mondelli, V., Marques, T. R., Handley, R., Luzi, S., Russo, M., Paparelli, A., Butt, A., Stilo, S. A., Wiffen, B., Powell, J., & Murray, R. M.
- Affiliations
- Springfield University Hospital (GB)
- ORCID
- Venue
- British Journal of Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Royal College of Psychiatrists
- Published
- 2009-12
- Volume
- 195
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 488-491
- ISSN
- 0007-1250 (ISSN-L)
- 1472-1465
- PMC
- PMC2801827
- OpenAlex
- W2104532446
- Cited by
- 567
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 25 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 38 · 2021: 41 · 2020: 54 · 2019: 31 · 2018: 35 · 2017: 38 · 2016: 46 · 2015: 36 · 2014: 28 · 2013: 36 · 2012: 29
- FWCI
- 25.87
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The British Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- King's College London
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Life Sciences › Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics › Toxicology › Forensic Toxicology and Drug Analysis
- Keywords
- high-potency cannabis, psychosis, first-episode psychosis, delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, cannabis use, daily cannabis use, public health implications
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Factors, Aged, Cannabis, Female, Humans, London, Male, Marijuana Smoking, Middle Aged, Psychoses, Substance-Induced, Risk Factors, Dronabinol, Case-Control Studies, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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