Bullying victimization in childhood predicts inflammation and obesity at mid-life: a five-decade birth cohort study
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Background: We aimed to test whether childhood bullying victimization increases risk for age-related disease at mid-life using biological markers including inflammation and adiposity, independent of other childhood risk factors and key adult variables. Method: The present study was a 50-year prospective longitudinal birth cohort study of all births in Britain in 1 week in 1958. Exposure to bullying was assessed prospectively when participants were aged 7 and 11 years (27.7% occasionally bullied; 14.6% frequently bullied). Blood inflammation biomarkers [C-reactive protein (CRP) and fibrinogen] and adiposity [body mass index (BMI) and waist:hip ratio] were measured at age 45 years. Results: Participants who had been frequently bullied in childhood showed increased levels of CRP at mid-life [β = 0.07, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.04–0.10] and higher risk for clinically relevant inflammation cut-off [CRP > 3 mg/l: 20.4% v. 15.9%, odds ratio (OR) = 1.35, 95% CI 1.12–1.64]. Women who were bullied in childhood had higher BMI than non-bullied participants and were at increased risk of being obese (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m 2: occasionally bullied: 26.0% v. 19.4%, OR = 1.45, 95% CI 1.18–1.77; frequently bullied: 26.2% v. 19.4%, OR = 1.41, 95% CI 1.09–1.83). Findings remained significant when controlling for childhood risk factors (e.g. parental social class; participants’ BMI and psychopathology in childhood) and key adult variables (e.g. adult social class, smoking, diet and exercise). Conclusions: Bullied children show increases in risk factors for age-related disease in middle adulthood, independent of co-occurring childhood and adult risks. Given the high prevalence of bullying victimization in childhood, tackling this form of psychosocial stress early in life has the potential of reducing risk for age-related disease and its associated burden.
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Exposure to bullying during childhood and adolescence is associated with elevated C-reactive protein in early and middle adulthood.
“Similarly, exposure to bullying during childhood and adolescence is associated with elevated CRP during early (Copeland et al., 2014) and middle adulthood (Takizawa et al., 2015)”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Takizawa et al., 2015
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- Authors
- Takizawa, R., Danese, A., Maughan, B., & Arseneault, L.
- Affiliations
- King's College London (GB)
- National Health Service (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Arseneault, L.
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2015-05-20
- Volume
- 45
- Issue
- 13
- Pages
- 2705-2715
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- OpenAlex
- W2118488543
- Cited by
- 134
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 11 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 18.04
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- kclpure.kcl.ac.uk
- Licence
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Medical Research Council (MR/N01104X/1)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Obesity, Physical Activity, Diet
- Keywords
- bullying, inflammation, obesity, C-reactive protein, fibrinogen, adiposity, body mass index, waist-to-hip ratio, midlife, age-related diseases, psychosocial stress, birth cohort, sex differences
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Anxiety, C-Reactive Protein, Child, Depression, Female, United Kingdom, Humans, Inflammation, Longitudinal Studies, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Prospective Studies, Psychiatric Status Rating Scales, Risk Factors, Biomarkers, Body Mass Index, Multivariate Analysis, Adult Survivors of Child Abuse, Young Adult, Bullying
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