Childhood Trauma and Children's Emerging Psychotic Symptoms: A Genetically Sensitive Longitudinal Cohort Study
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OBJECTIVE: Using longitudinal and prospective measures of trauma during childhood, the authors assessed the risk of developing psychotic symptoms associated with maltreatment, bullying, and accidents in a nationally representative U.K. cohort of young twins. METHOD: Data were from the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, which follows 2,232 twin children and their families. Mothers were interviewed during home visits when children were ages 5, 7, 10, and 12 on whether the children had experienced maltreatment by an adult, bullying by peers, or involvement in an accident. At age 12, children were asked about bullying experiences and psychotic symptoms. Children's reports of psychotic symptoms were verified by clinicians. RESULTS: Children who experienced mal-treatment by an adult (relative risk=3.16, 95% CI=1.92-5.19) or bullying by peers (relative risk=2.47, 95% CI=1.74-3.52) were more likely to report psychotic symptoms at age 12 than were children who did not experience such traumatic events. The higher risk for psychotic symptoms was observed whether these events occurred early in life or later in childhood. The risk associated with childhood trauma remained significant in analyses controlling for children's gender, socioeconomic deprivation, and IQ; for children's early symptoms of internalizing or externalizing problems; and for children's genetic liability to developing psychosis. In contrast, the risk associated with accidents was small (relative risk=1.47, 95% CI=1.02-2.13) and inconsistent across ages. CONCLUSIONS: Trauma characterized by intention to harm is associated with children's reports of psychotic symptoms. Clinicians working with children who report early symptoms of psychosis should inquire about traumatic events such as maltreatment and bullying.
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Other designs can also strengthen causal inference about the effects of maltreatment, such as experimental animal studies or high-quality prospective longitudinal studies.
“other designs can also strengthen causal inference about the effects of maltreatment, such as experimental animal studies (78) or high-quality prospective longitudinal studies (79–81).”
From Childhood Maltreatment and Mental Health Problems: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Quasi-Experimental Studies (2023) · cites this paper as [80]
Childhood adversity, and interpersonal trauma specifically, have been linked to the development of PEs, and there is evidence linking current adverse environments - characterized by racial discrimination, migrant status and low social capital - with psychosis.
“Childhood adversity 25,26 , and interpersonal trauma specifically 27 , have been linked to the development of PEs, and there is evidence linking current adverse environments -characterized by racial discrimination 28 , migrant status 29 and low social capital 30 -with psychosis.”
From Clinical, socio‐demographic and psychological characteristics in individuals with persistent psychotic experiences with and without a “need for care” (2016) · cites this paper as [27]
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- Authors
- Arseneault, L., Cannon, M., Fisher, H. L., Polanczyk, G., Moffitt, T. E., & Caspi, A.
- Affiliations
- Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland (IE)
- ORCID
- Venue
- American Journal of Psychiatry
- Published
- 2011-01
- Volume
- 168
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 65-72
- ISSN
- 0002-953X (ISSN-L)
- 1535-7228
- PMC
- PMC3536053
- OpenAlex
- W2120064534
- Cited by
- 584
- References
- 43
- Citations by year
- 2026: 21 · 2025: 23 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 42 · 2021: 37 · 2020: 53 · 2019: 37 · 2018: 40 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 36 · 2015: 40 · 2014: 36 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 37
- FWCI
- 36.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- europepmc.org
- Locations
- American Journal of Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scientific Electronic Library Online (São Paulo Research Foundation, Latin American and Caribbean Center on Health Sciences Information, Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico) (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Research Portal (King's College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute for Health and Care Research (CSA/01/05/001)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/H034897/1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-077874, R01MH077874)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (HD061298, R01HD061298)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Schizophrenia research and treatment
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child and Adolescent Psychosocial and Emotional Development
- Keywords
- childhood trauma, psychotic symptoms, child abuse, bullying, childhood accidents, twin cohort, Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study, early-onset psychosis, internalizing and externalizing problems, socioeconomic deprivation
- MeSH terms
- Accidents, Child, Child Abuse, Diseases in Twins, Humans, Longitudinal Studies, Psychotic Disorders, Risk Factors, Genetic Predisposition to Disease, Bullying
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