Childhood bullying involvement predicts low-grade systemic inflammation into adulthood
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Significance: Bullying is a common childhood experience that affects children at all income levels and racial/ethnic groups. Being a bully victim has long-term adverse consequences on physical and mental health and financial functioning, but bullies themselves display few ill effects. Here, we show that victims suffer from greater increases in low-grade systemic inflammation from childhood to young adulthood than are seen in others. In contrast, bullies showed lower increases in inflammation into adulthood compared with those uninvolved in bullying. Elevated systemic low-grade inflammation is a mechanism by which this common childhood social adversity may get under the skin to affect adult health functioning, even many years later.
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Exposure to bullying during childhood and adolescence is associated with elevated C-reactive protein in early and middle adulthood.
“Similarly, exposure to bullying during childhood and adolescence is associated with elevated CRP during early (Copeland et al., 2014) and middle adulthood (Takizawa et al., 2015)”
From Developmental psychoneuroendocrine and psychoneuroimmune pathways from childhood adversity to disease (2017) · cites this paper as Copeland et al., 2014
Other human studies failed to detect a reduction in total leukocyte count with sleep compared with sleep deprivation or restriction.
“Other studies failed to detect this reduction (3, 103, 122, 224, 234, 254, 469, 580).”
From The Sleep-Immune Crosstalk in Health and Disease (2019) · cites this paper as [122]
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“Bullying victimization has also been found to be associated with low-grade systemic inflammation in young adults in a US epidemiological sample (Copeland et al. 2014) and obesity (Midei & Matthews, 2011; Qualter et al.”
BackgroundChildhood victimization and inflammation in young adulthood: A genetically sensitive cohort study
Baldwin, J. R., Arseneault, L., Caspi, A., Fisher, H. L., Moffitt, T. E., Odgers, C. L., Pariante, C. M., Ambler, A. P., Dove, R. E., Kepa, A., et al. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.08.025 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
“We observed that victimized children already show high CRP levels in young adulthood, consistent with findings from a previous epidemiological study (Copeland et al., 2014).”
InfluentialOlvera Alvarez, H. A., Kubzansky, L. D., Campen, M. J., & Slavich, G. M. (2018) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.06.002 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
“Researchers have also found associations between experiences of bullying in childhood (9–16 years) and elevated CRP levels in young adulthood (19–21 years) (Copeland et al., 2014), as well as exposure to victimization during childhood (birth-12 years) and elevated levels of CRP at age 18 years (Baldwin et al.”
Early life adversity: Lasting consequences for emotional learning
Krugers, H. J., Arp, J. M., Xiong, H., Kanatsou, S., Lesuis, S. L., Kőrösi, A., Joëls, M., & Lucassen, P. J. (2016) · Neurobiology of Stress · doi:10.1016/j.ynstr.2016.11.005 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
“inflammatory disorders later in life (Danese et al., 2007; Copeland et al., 2014; Shirtcliff et al., 2009).”
BackgroundChiang, J. J., Lam, P. H., Chen, E., & Miller, G. E. (2022) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000351 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Only a small handful of studies have used utilized such designs (e.g., Copeland et al., 2014; Slopen et al., 2013) and they did not test for the age-related interaction that we hypothesized here.”
BackgroundFuture Directions in Peer Relations Research
Prinstein, M. J., & Giletta, M. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology · doi:10.1080/15374416.2020.1756299 · Cited by 116 · see citing works
“For instance, using longitudinal data from the Great Smoky Mountains Study, Copeland et al. (2014) reported that children exposed to bullying victimization showed stronger increases in low-grade inflammation (i.e., CRP) over time as compared to their nonbullied peers.”
MethodRettew, D. C., & Pawlowski, S. (2016) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2015.12.002 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Sulkowski, M. L., & Simmons, J. (2017) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22086 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
A longitudinal twin study of victimization and loneliness from childhood to young adulthood
Matthews, T., Caspi, A., Danese, A., Fisher, H. L., Moffitt, T. E., & Arseneault, L. (2022) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001005 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“…including psychopathology (Bowes, 2015; Jaffee, 2017; Norman et al., 2012; Schaefer et al., 2018), lower educational and career attainment (Brown & Taylor, 2008; Currie & Widom, 2010), and risk markers for inflammatory disease (Baldwin et al., 2018; Copeland et al., 2014; Rasmussen et al., 2019).”
BackgroundZhang, T., Kan, L., Jin, C.-B., & Shi, W.-M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.12.058 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Nettle, D., Andrews, C. P., Reichert, S., Bedford, T., Kolenda, C., Parker, C., Martin-Ruiz, C. M., Monaghan, P., & Melissa Bateson, B. (2017) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep40794 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Consequences of Childhood Bullying on Mental Health and Relationships for Young Adults
deLara, E. W. (2018) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-018-1197-y · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Adverse Childhood Events and Health Biomarkers: A Systematic Review
Soares, S., Rocha, V., Kelly‐Irving, M., Stringhini, S., & Fraga, S. J. D. S. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.649825 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Wolke, D., Baumann, N., Strauss, V., Johnson, S., & Marlow, N. (2015) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2015.02.055 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“In contrast, the effects of very preterm birth (26-31 weeks gestation) may affect the same structures and networks(34) but are only leading to adverse emotion outcome when exposed to being bullied, a highly potent social stressor.(35,36) Recent evidence indicates that preterm children may be particularly sensitive to…”
BackgroundGiletta, M., Slavich, G. M., Rudolph, K. D., Hastings, P. D., Nock, M. K., & Prinstein, M. J. (2018) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12804 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“Given past evidence that peer victimization in adolescence predicts greater systemic inflammation in adulthood (Copeland et al., 2014), we also explored associations with © 2017 Association for Child and Adolescent Mental Health. levels of baseline (prestress) pro-inflammatory cytokines.”
InfluentialBullying Victimization Among LGBTQ Youth: Critical Issues and Future Directions
Gower, A. L., Rider, G. N., McMorris, B. J., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2018) · Current Sexual Health Reports · doi:10.1007/s11930-018-0169-y · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Ports, K. A., Holman, D. M., Guinn, A. S., Pampati, S., Dyer, K. E., Merrick, M. T., Lunsford, N. B., & Metzler, M. M. (2018) · Journal of Pediatric Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.pedn.2018.10.009 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Psychiatric outcomes of bullying victimization: a study of discordant monozygotic twins
Silberg, J. L., Copeland, W., Linker, J., Moore, A. A., Roberson-Nay, R., & York, T. P. (2016) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291716000362 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
“showed a heightened inflammatory response in those children who were the target of peer victimization (Copeland et al. 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationAuthoritative classroom climate and its relations to bullying victimization and bystander behaviors
Thornberg, R., Wänström, L., & Jungert, T. (2018) · School Psychology International · doi:10.1177/0143034318809762 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
Davis, J. P., Merrin, G. J., Ingram, K. M., Espelage, D. L., Valido, A., & Sheikh, A. J. E. (2019) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-019-01340-9 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Early research has found that boys who report victimization in early adolescence also reported greater depression and negative selfesteem (Schwartz et al. 2015), heightened risk of anxiety problems (Copeland et al. 2014) and increased suicidal behaviors (Klomek et al. 2009).”
BackgroundChildhood Bullying Victimization and Overweight in Young Adulthood: A Cohort Study
Baldwin, J. R., Arseneault, L., Odgers, C., Belsky, D. W., Matthews, T., Ambler, A., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., & Danese, A. (2016) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/psy.0000000000000388 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Children exposed to early life stress may also expend less energy owing to inflammation-related fatigue and physical inactivity (14,52).”
BackgroundImmuno-psychiatry: an agenda for clinical practice and innovative research
Leboyer, M., Berk, M., Yolken, R. H., Tamouza, R., Kupfer, D. J., & Groc, L. (2016) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-016-0712-5 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Inflammation and activated cellmediated immune pathways have consistently been found in diverse patient cohorts indexed by an up-regulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines [4, 5], triggered and sustained by environmental risk factors such as very early infections [6], severe childhood trauma [7] or lifelong ps…”
BackgroundPatchin, J. W., & Hinduja, S. (2016) · Youth Violence and Juvenile Justice · doi:10.1177/1541204016681057 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“The consequences of traditional bullying victimization identified in previous research clearly demonstrate significant negative outcomes for youth (Cook, Williams, Guerra, Kim, & Sadek, 2010; Copeland et al., 2014; Reijntjes et al., 2011; Ttofi, Farrington, Lösel, & Loeber, 2011).”
BackgroundEarly adversity, neural development, and inflammation
Chiang, J. J., Taylor, S. E., & Bower, J. E. (2015) · Developmental Psychobiology · doi:10.1002/dev.21329 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“However, prospective studies with repeated assessments of early adversity using parental reports, child reports, and behavioral observations have also found that early adversity is related to greater circulating levels of inflammatory markers in adulthood (Copeland et al., 2014; Danese, Pariante, Caspi, Taylor, & Poul…”
BackgroundInfluentialBetts, L. R., Houston, J. E., & Steer, O. L. (2015) · The Journal of Genetic Psychology · doi:10.1080/00221325.2015.1007915 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“…some studies have used observational methods (e.g., Ostrov, 2008), others have used parents’ and teachers’ reports to examine victimization (e.g., Copeland et al., 2014; Fung, 2012) but both approaches have been criticized for relying on the respondents’ potentially limited knowledge of when a…”
MethodGuy, A., Lee, K., & Dieter Wolke, C. (2017) · Aggressive Behavior · doi:10.1002/ab.21716 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“In contrast, bullies do not need to be alert to the same potential threats, as they are often highly ranked and dominant in the social peer structure (Garandeau et al., 2014a, 2014b) and have low levels of stress as indicated by inflammatory markers (Copeland et al., 2014).”
The prominence of peer interactions, relationships, and networks in adolescence and early adulthood.
Veenstra, R., & Laninga‐Wijnen, L. (2022) · American Psychological Association eBooks · doi:10.1037/0000298-014 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Perceptions of middle school youth about school bullying
Ybarra, M. L., Espelage, D. L., Valido, A., Hong, J. S., & Prescott, T. L. (2018) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.10.008 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Effects of Peer Victimization on Child and Adolescent Physical Health
Schacter, H. L. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-003434 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Russell, A. E., Heron, J., Gunnell, D., Ford, T. J., Hemani, G., Joinson, C. J., Moran, P., Relton, C. L., Suderman, M. J., & Mars, B. (2019) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13100 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Peer victimisation in childhood and adolescence has been associated with higher levels of CRP in midlife (Takizawa, Danese, Maughan, & Arseneault, 2015) and also in young adulthood (Copeland et al., 2014).”
BackgroundCIFASD, A. T., Bodnar, T. S., Raineki, C., Wertelecki, W., Yevtushok, L., Plotka, L., Granovska, I. V., Zymak‐Zakutnya, N., Pashtepa, A. O., Wells, A., et al. (2020) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-020-1717-8 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Oliveira, J., Étain, B., Lajnef, M., Hamdani, N., Bennabi, M., Bengoufa, D., Sundaresh, A., Chaabene, A. B., Bellivier, F., Henry, C., et al. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0119702 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“One of the proposed mechanisms is that acute stressor-mediated events may induce chronic alterations in immune/inflammatory processes in genetically predisposed individuals [12,13].”
BackgroundSchool-level contextual predictors of bullying and harassment experiences among adolescents
Gower, A. L., McMorris, B. J., & Eisenberg, M. E. (2015) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.10.036 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Kelly, E. V., Newton, N. C., Stapinski, L. A., Slade, T. N., Barrett, E. L., Conrod, P., & Teesson, M. (2015) · Drug and Alcohol Dependence · doi:10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.06.012 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Neural correlates of video game empathy training in adolescents: a randomized trial
Kral, T. R. A., Stodola, D. E., Birn, R. M., Mumford, J. A., Solis, E., Flook, L., Patsenko, E. G., Anderson, C. G., Steinkuehler, C. A., & Davidson, R. J. (2018) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-018-0029-6 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Is Adolescent Bullying an Evolutionary Adaptation? A 10-Year Review
Volk, A., Dane, A. V., & Al-Jbouri, E. (2022) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-022-09703-3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
“Longitudinal evidence suggests that bullies do not appear to suffer from physical and mental health costs in the short- to medium term (i.e., through to early adulthood; Copeland et al., 2014a, 2014b).”
BackgroundSocial goals and gains of adolescent bullying and aggression: A meta-analysis
Hensums, M., Brummelman, E., Larsen, H., van den Bos, W., & Overbeek, G. J. (2023) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2023.101073 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“The effects of engaging in bullying and aggression are measurable well into adulthood (e.g., Bender & L ¨ osel, 2011; Copeland et al., 2014; Sigurdson et al., 2015).”
BackgroundHow Well Do We Understand the Long-Term Health Implications of Childhood Bullying?
Zárate‐Garza, P. P., Biggs, B. K., Croarkin, P. E., Morath, B. A., Leffler, J. M., Barboza, A. B. C., & Tye, S. J. (2017) · Harvard Review of Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/hrp.0000000000000137 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
DuBois, L. Z., Gibb, J. K., Juster, R., & Powers, S. I. (2020) · American Journal of Human Biology · doi:10.1002/ajhb.23555 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“…(Crooks, 1999; Nyberg et al., 2012), elevated blood pressure and hypertension (Bindon, Knight, Dressler, & Crews, 1997; Dressler, Oths, & Gravlee, 2005; Gravlee, 2009; McClure et al., 2010), increased evening cortisol (Thayer & Kuzawa, 2015), and impaired immune function (Copeland et al., 2014).”
BackgroundEvidence for Revising the Adverse Childhood Experiences Screening Tool: a Scoping Review
SmithBattle, L., Loman, D., Yoo, J.-H., Cibulka, N. J., & Rariden, C. (2021) · Journal of Child and Adolescent Trauma · doi:10.1007/s40653-021-00358-w · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“, 2020) are prevalent and are associated with stressful responses and cell aging (Condon et al., 2019; Copeland et al., 2014; Korous et al., 2017; Theall et al., 2013); they also contribute to poor health and behavioral problems for children and adults (Bhushan et al.”
BackgroundCumulative Effects of Bullying and Racial Discrimination on Adolescent Health in Australia
Priest, N., Kavanagh, A. M., Bécares, L., & King, T. L. (2019) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146519868847 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“…victimization impacts include increased childhood mental illness and somatic problems (Wolke and Lereya 2015); increased systemic inflammation (Copeland et al. 2014); anxiety, depression, self-harm, and overall mental health problems among young adults (Lereya et al. 2015); and in adulthood,…”
BackgroundInfluentialHow does the school built environment impact students’ bullying behaviour? A scoping review
Francis, J., Strobel, N., Trapp, G., Pearce, N., Vaz, S. M. A., Christian, H. E., Runions, K., Martin, K., & CROSS, D. S. (2022) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2022.115451 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Rajendran, K., Kruszewski, E., & Halperin, J. M. (2015) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12433 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Early adversities accelerate epigenetic aging into adulthood: a 10‐year, within‐subject analysis
Copeland, W., Shanahan, L., McGinnis, E. W., Åberg, K. A., & van den Oord, E. J. C. G. (2022) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13575 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationGryksa, K., & Neumann, I. D. (2021) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2021.105601 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bullying Victimization and Racial Discrimination Among Australian Children
Priest, N., King, T. L., Bécares, L., & Kavanagh, A. M. (2016) · American Journal of Public Health · doi:10.2105/ajph.2016.303328 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Panter‐Brick, C., Wiley, K. S., Sancilio, A., Dajani, R. B., & Hadfield, K. (2019) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2019.02.015 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Chiang, J. J., Bower, J. E., Irwin, M. R., Taylor, S. E., & Fuligni, A. J. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.06.015 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“Prospective studies have similarly shown that exposure to early adversity or to clinical and subclinical levels of depression predict higher levels of subsequent inflammation (Copeland et al., 2012, 2014; Danese et al., 2007; Deverts et al., 2010; Matthews et al., 2010; Slopen et al., 2013).”
Parent-Reported Bullying and Child Weight Gain between Ages 6 and 15
Sutin, A. R., Robinson, E., Daly, M., & Terracciano, A. (2016) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2016.0185 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“34 Such physiological responses may increase risk of subsequent weight gain.”
Cullen, A. E., Tappin, B. M., Zunszain, P. A., Dickson, H., Roberts, R. E., Nikkheslat, N., Khondoker, M. R., Pariante, C. M., Fisher, H. L., & Laurens, K. R. (2017) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2017.07.002 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“, trauma/maltreatment, bullying, and economic/social disadvantage (Baumeister et al., 2016; Copeland et al., 2014; Slopen et al., 2015)].”
BackgroundNeupane, S. P., Bramness, J. G., & Lien, L. (2017) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-017-1479-8 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Also, recent prospective investigations have shown elevated levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), a commonly assayed acute phase protein, in survivors of childhood adverse events [25], and current CRP levels may predict the emergence of PTSD symptoms after trauma exposure later in life, implying a positive and prospecti…”
BackgroundLee, K. S., & Vaillancourt, T. (2019) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-019-00884-7 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Neural and Endocrine Correlates of Early Life Abuse in Youth With Depression and Obesity
Sun, K., Watson, K. T., Angal, S., Bakkila, B. F., Gorelik, A. J., Leslie, S. M., Rasgon, N., & Singh, M. K. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00721 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“We used a totaled PVS score in our linear models to adjust for the possible confounding effect of peer victimization on the relation between abuse and neural and endocrine outcomes, as childhood bullying has been shown to predict systemic inflammation and being overweight in early adulthood (46, 47).”
MethodOsborn, M. T., & Widom, C. S. (2019) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291719002575 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“These relationships have been demonstrated in the short-term (Heim, 2017), throughout adolescence (Copeland et al., 2014), and into adulthood (Danese et al.”
BackgroundRahman, M. M., Rahman, M., Khan, M. M. A., Hasan, M., & Choudhury, K. N. (2020) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.23033 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“…the vulnerable developmental adolescent periods lead to neurobiological (Anda et al., 2006; Shonkoff, Boyce, & Mcewen, 2009) and inflammatory (Copeland et al., 2014) changes which then cause mental illness (Shonkoff et al., 2009); with adolescent who develop mental health problems attempting…”
BackgroundKretschmer, T., Veenstra, R., Branje, S., Reijneveld, S. A., Meeus, W., Deković, M., Koot, H. M., Vollebergh, W., & Oldehinkel, A. J. (2017) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-017-0316-3 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“…are associated with quality of interpersonal experiences later on and might be beneficial for healthy development overall (Viner et al. 2012) whereas negative peer experiences such as being victimized by peers are linked to psychological maladjustment (Copeland et al. 2014; Takizawa et al. 2014).”
Wang, H., Bragg, F., Guan, Y., Zhong, J., Li, N., & Yu, M. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2022.11.087 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Matthews, K. A., Jennings, J. R., Lee, L., & Pardini, D. A. (2017) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/0956797617697700 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
“…for bullying would not have a deleterious effect on psychosocial risk factors and inflammation for men who also had lower scores for being bullied; this result would be anticipated on the basis of an evolutionary perspective as well as some evidence from other studies (e.g., Copeland et al., 2014).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAnnual Research Review: Social relationships and the immune system during development
Robles, T. F. (2020) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.13350 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Gender Minority Stress, Support, and Inflammation in Transgender and Gender-Nonconforming Youth
McQuillan, M. T., Kuhns, L. M., Miller, A. A., McDade, T. W., & Garofalo, R. (2020) · Transgender Health · doi:10.1089/trgh.2020.0019 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Aggressiveness, violence, homicidality, homicide, and Lyme disease
Bransfield, R. C. (2018) · Neuropsychiatric Disease and Treatment · doi:10.2147/ndt.s155143 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“53 LD is associated with chronic inflammation and activation of this circuit.”
Challenges in researching the immune pathways between early life adversity and psychopathology
Reid, B. M., & Danese, A. (2020) · Development and Psychopathology · doi:10.1017/s0954579420001157 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Analysis of ELA-related inflammation abnormalities in dried blood spot showed results comparable to those in serum (Copeland et al., 2014; Danese et al., 2011).”
ResultCannon, M. D., Clarke, M. C., & Cotter, D. (2014) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14060749 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Macalli, M., Orri, M., Tzourio, C., & Côté, S. M. (2021) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-021-03354-4 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Adolescent Bullying in Schools: An Evolutionary Perspective
Volk, A. A., Farrell, A. H., Franklin, P., Mularczyk, K. P., & Provenzano, D. A. (2016) · Evolutionary psychology · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29986-0_7 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Lee, K., Dale, J. R., Guy, A., & Dieter Wolke, C. (2017) · Journal of Adolescence · doi:10.1016/j.adolescence.2017.12.008 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…evidence that being bullied has extensive adverse effects on physical and psychological health, as well as on social and educational outcomes (Copeland et al., 2014; Gini & Pozzoli, 2009; Moore, Norman, Suetani, Thomas, Sly, & Scott., 2017; Takizawa, Maughan, & Arseneault, 2014; Winsper,…”
BackgroundYbarra, M. L., Prescott, T. L., & Espelage, D. L. (2016) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.4936 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Emerging research suggests that bullying also has a negative physiological impact: victims have greater changes in C-reactive protein as they age into adulthood [7].”
BackgroundShea, M., Wang, C., Shi, W., Gonzalez, V., & Espelage, D. L. (2016) · Asian American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1037/aap0000047 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Bullying involvement—as a perpetrator, a victim, or both—has been associated with negative academic, social, and mental health consequences (Cook, Williams, Guerra, Kim, & Sadek, 2010; Copeland et al., 2014; Kim, Catalano, Haggerty, & Abbott, 2011; Rigby, 2003).”
Adverse childhood experiences: impacts on adult mental health and social withdrawal
Wakuta, M., Nishimura, T., Osuka, Y., Tsukui, N., Takahashi, M., Adachi, M., Suwa, T., & Katayama, T. (2023) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2023.1277766 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Paediatric stress: from neuroendocrinology to contemporary disorders
Stavrou, S., Nicolaides, N. C., Critselis, E., Darviri, C., Charmandari, E., & Chrousos, G. P. (2017) · European Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1111/eci.12724 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The Relationship Between Workplace Bullying and Positive Mental Health Among Registered Nurses
Harb, A., Rayan, A., & Al.khashashneh, O. Z. (2019) · Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association · doi:10.1177/1078390319877223 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“Bullying at the workplace can be a source of long-standing stress that affects social and emotional well-being, possibly through neurobiological changes in the human body (Copeland et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSIBLING CONFLICTS IN FULL- AND HALF-SIBLING HOUSEHOLDS IN THE UK
Tanskanen, A. O., Danielsbacka, M., Jokela, M. M., & Rotkirch, A. (2016) · Journal of Biosocial Science · doi:10.1017/s0021932016000043 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“The data have been described in detail by Hansen (2014). For the analytic sample, cases where the main respondents were the biological mothers of the respondent child (in the fifth wave over 95% of all main respondents) were selected.”
MethodCorrelates of Help-Seeking Behaviour in Adolescents Who Experience Bullying Victimisation
Anthony, L., Scott, J. G., Campbell, M. A., Lawrence, D. M., Zubrick, S. R., Bartlett, J., & Thomas, H. J. (2021) · International Journal of Bullying Prevention · doi:10.1007/s42380-021-00090-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Pathways from childhood maltreatment to cardiometabolic disease: a research review
Baldwin, J. R., & Danese, A. (2019) · Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/0308575919856175 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Assessing within- and between-family variations in an expanded measure of childhood adversity.
Morrill, M. I., Schulz, M. S., Nevarez, M. D., Preacher, K. J., & Waldinger, R. J. (2019) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000691 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“, 2013; Wade, Shea, Rubin, & Wood, 2014), especially socioeconomic (SES) stressors and bullying from peers, which have been found to be associated with later life functioning (Copeland et al., 2014; Culpin, Stapinski, Miles, Araya, & Joinson, 2015).”
BackgroundEstévez, E., Flores, E., Estévez, J. F., & Huéscar, E. (2019) · Revista Latinoamericana de Psicología · doi:10.14349/rlp.2019.v51.n3.8 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“En las víctimas, además, se suelen observar problemas psicosomáticos como dolor abdominal, desórdenes del sueño o cefaleas (Arseneault, 2017; Copeland et al., 2014; Gini & Pozzoli, 2013).”
BackgroundDownward Spiral of Bullying: Victimization Timeline From Former Victims’ Perspective
Wójcik, M., Thornberg, R., Flak, W., & Leśniewski, J. (2021) · Journal of Interpersonal Violence · doi:10.1177/0886260521990835 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“However, at the same time, such victimization poses more serious consequences for young adult development: poor mental and physical health, poor relationship building and maintenance, and unsatisfactory professional life (Copeland et al., 2017).”
BackgroundSkarstein, S. O., Helseth, S., & Kvarme, L. G. (2020) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-020-00478-2 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
- Authors
- Copeland, W. E., Wolke, D., Lereya, S. T., Shanahan, L., Worthman, C., & Costello, E. J.
- Affiliations
- Duke University (US)
- Department of Psychology and Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, United Kingdom;
- University of Warwick (GB)
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Copeland, William E.
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-05-12
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 21
- Pages
- 7570-7575
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4040559
- OpenAlex
- W2159691606
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 62
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 20 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 19 · 2022: 33 · 2021: 34 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 23 · 2017: 27 · 2016: 24 · 2015: 29 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 41.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DukeSpace (Duke University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- Funders
- William T. Grant Foundation (MH63671, MH48085, DA/MH11301, MH63970)
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression (MH63970, MH48085, MH63671, DA/MH11301)
- Economic and Social Research Council (ES/K003593/1)
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH-63671, R01MH063970, R01MH048085, DA/MH11301, MH-63970, MH080230, MH63970, MH63671, MH48085, R03MH094605, and MH080230, MH-48085, K23MH080230, R01MH063671)
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (MH63671, MH63970, MH48085, DA/MH11301, P30DA023026, R01DA011301, DA023026)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Bullying, Victimization, and Aggression
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Child Abuse and Trauma
- Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
- Keywords
- childhood bullying, bullying victimization, bullying perpetration, C-reactive protein, low-grade inflammation, biological embedding, social adversity, dominance, psychosocial adversity, adolescent development, early adulthood, Great Smoky Mountains Study
- MeSH terms
- C-Reactive Protein, Child, Humans, Interviews as Topic, Longitudinal Studies, North Carolina, Prospective Studies, Fluoroimmunoassay, Models, Statistical, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Bullying
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