Dropout from psychological treatment for borderline personality disorder: a multilevel survival meta-analysis
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BACKGROUND: Dropout from psychotherapy for borderline personality disorder (BPD) is a notorious problem. We investigated whether treatment, treatment format, treatment setting, substance use exclusion criteria, proportion males, mean age, country, and other variables influenced dropout. METHODS: = 9100) of psychotherapy for non-forensic adult patients with BPD were included. Dropout per quarter during one year of treatment was analyzed on participant level with multilevel survival analysis, to deal with multiple predictors, nonconstant dropout chance over time, and censored data. Multiple imputation was used to estimate quarter of drop-out if unreported. Sensitivity analyses were done by excluding DBT-arms with deviating push-out rules. RESULTS: Dropout was highest in the first quarter of treatment. Schema therapy had the lowest dropout overall, and mentalization-based treatment in the first two quarters. Community treatment by experts had the highest dropout. Moreover, individual therapy had lowest dropout, group therapy highest, with combined formats in-between. Other variables such as age or substance-use exclusion criteria were not associated with dropout. CONCLUSION: The findings do not support claims that all treatments are equal, and indicate that efforts to reduce dropout should focus on early stages of treatment and on group treatment.
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ST and its trauma processing component ImRs are effective for disorders resulting from interpersonal trauma in childhood, including complex PTSD and personality disorders.
“First, ST as a whole, as well as its trauma processing component, Imagery Rescripting (ImRs), are effective for disorders that result from interpersonal trauma in childhood, including complex PTSD and personality disorders [e.g., (13–17)].”
From Schema therapy for Dissociative Identity Disorder: a case report (2023) · cites this paper as [14]
The Discussion (Clinical implications; page unavailable) reports high treatment retention for schema therapy in borderline personality disorder and says patients found imagery rescripting particularly helpful. Those observations do not establish that either treatment is effective for disorders arising from childhood interpersonal trauma, including complex PTSD. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAttrition is quite high in borderline personality disorder treatment, on average around 40% after one year of treatment.
“Second, attrition is quite high in BPD treatment [on average around 40% after one year of treatment in a meta-analysis by Arntz et al. (19)]”
From Timing of imagery rescripting during schema therapy for borderline personality disorder: the LUCY trial (2023) · cites this paper as [19]
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- Authors
- Arntz, A., Mensink, K., Cox, W. R., Verhoef, R. E. J., van Emmerik, A. A. P., Rameckers, S. A., Badenbach, T., & Grasman, R. P. P. P.
- Affiliations
- University of Amsterdam (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Arntz, Arnoud
- ORCID
- Venue
- Psychological Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2022-12-01
- Volume
- 53
- Issue
- 3
- Pages
- 668-686
- ISSN
- 0033-2917 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-8978
- PMC
- PMC9975988
- OpenAlex
- W4310567828
- Cited by
- 56
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 6 · 2021: 1 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 1.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- Psychological Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UvA-DARE (University of Amsterdam) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Disorders and Psychopathology
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Bipolar Disorder and Treatment
- Keywords
- borderline personality disorder, psychotherapy dropout, treatment retention, dialectical behavior therapy, schema therapy, mentalization-based treatment, group therapy, individual psychotherapy, community-based treatment, treatment format, early treatment
- MeSH terms
- Mentalization, Adult, Borderline Personality Disorder, Humans, Male, Psychotherapy, Psychotherapy, Group, Treatment Outcome
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