Cited by 582Evolutionary Psychology and Human BehaviorEvolutionary Game Theory and CooperationLanguage and cultural evolution

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To give and to give not: The behavioral ecology of human food transfers

Gurven, Michael·2004·Behavioral and Brain Sciences

DOI 10.1017/s0140525x04000123

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Abstract

The transfer of food among group members is a ubiquitous feature of small-scale forager and forager-agricultural populations. The uniqueness of pervasive sharing among humans, especially among unrelated individuals, has led researchers to evaluate numerous hypotheses about the adaptive functions and patterns of sharing in different ecologies. This article attempts to organize available cross-cultural evidence pertaining to several contentious evolutionary models: kin selection, reciprocal altruism, tolerated scrounging, and costly signaling. Debates about the relevance of these models focus primarily on the extent to which individuals exert control over the distribution of foods they acquire, and the extent to which donors receive food or other fitness-enhancing benefits in return for shares given away. Each model can explain some of the variance in sharing patterns within groups, and so generalizations that ignore or deny the importance of any one model may be misleading. Careful multivariate analyses and cross-cultural comparisons of food transfer patterns are therefore necessary tools for assessing aspects of the sexual division of labor, human life history evolution, and the evolution of the family. This article also introduces a framework for better understanding variation in sharing behavior across small-scale traditional societies. I discuss the importance of resource ecology and the degree of coordination in acquisition activities as a key feature that influences sharing behavior.

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Authors: Gurven, M.
Affiliations: University of California, Santa Barbara (US)
Corresponding author: Gurven, Michael
ORCID: Gurven, Michael
Venue: Behavioral and Brain Sciences
Publisher: Cambridge University Press (CUP)
Published: 2004-08
Volume: 27
Issue: 4
Pages: 543-559
ISSN: 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
1469-1825
DOI: 10.1017/s0140525x04000123
OpenAlex: W2122226023
Cited by: 582
References: 209
Citations by year: 2026: 39 · 2025: 21 · 2024: 36 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 41 · 2019: 26 · 2018: 29 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 39 · 2014: 26 · 2013: 27 · 2012: 30
FWCI: 15.95
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.cambridge.org/core/terms (unspecified, 197 d)
Locations: Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Evolutionary Psychology and Human Behavior
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Evolutionary Game Theory and Cooperation
Social Sciences › Cultural Studies › Language and cultural evolution
Keywords: food sharing, food transfers, kin selection, reciprocal altruism, costly signaling, cross-cultural comparison, resource ecology, gender division of labor, life history evolution, evolution of the family, unrelated individuals, traditional society

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To give and to give not: The behavioral ecology of human food transfers

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