Perceptions of perceptual symbols
Abstract
Various defenses of amodal symbol systems are addressed, including amodal symbols in sensory-motor areas, the causal theory of concepts, supramodal concepts, latent semantic analysis, and abstracted amodal symbols. Various aspects of perceptual symbol systems are clarified and developed, including perception, features, simulators, category structure, frames, analogy, introspection, situated action, and development. Particular attention is given to abstract concepts, language, and computational mechanisms.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Cognitive processes, including information processing and learning, are inextricably linked with sensory and motor functions within the environment, including gestures and other human movements.
“the theoretical framework of grounded or embodied cognition has been used to explain the effects of movements on cognitive load and learning, by asserting that cognitive processes, including information processing and learning, are inextricably linked with sensory and motor functions within the environment, including gestures and other human movements (Barsalou 1999).”
From Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design: 20 Years Later (2019) · cites this paper as Barsalou 1999
Cites
Lazarus, R. S. (1991) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195069945.001.0001 · Cited by 12,691 · see citing works
Telling more than we can know: Verbal reports on mental processes.
Nisbett, R. E., & Wilson, T. D. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.3.231 · Cited by 11,317 · see citing works
Levels of processing: A framework for memory research
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x · Cited by 9,566 · see citing works
Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences.
Zajonc, R. B. (1980) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.35.2.151 · Cited by 8,094 · see citing works
Shiffrin, R. M., & Schneider, W. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.2.127 · Cited by 7,335 · see citing works
Searle, J. R. (1980) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00005756 · Cited by 6,954 · see citing works
Newell, A. (1972) · Cited by 6,222 · see citing works
The Psychology of Learning and Motivation: Advances in Research and Theory
(2010) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/c2009-0-62209-1 · Cited by 6,035 · see citing works
Family resemblances: Studies in the internal structure of categories
Rosch, E., & Mervis, C. B. (1975) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90024-9 · Cited by 5,933 · see citing works
Controlled and automatic human information processing: I. Detection, search, and attention.
Schneider, W., & Shiffrin, R. M. (1977) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.84.1.1 · Cited by 5,902 · see citing works
Basic objects in natural categories
Rosch, E., Mervis, C. B., Gray, W. D., Johnson, D. M., & Boyes-Braem, P. (1976) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(76)90013-x · Cited by 5,643 · see citing works
Recognition-by-components: A theory of human image understanding.
Biederman, I. (1987) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.94.2.115 · Cited by 5,621 · see citing works
The Construction Of Reality In The Child
Piaget, J. (2013) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315009650 · Cited by 4,608 · see citing works
The Emotional Brain: The Mysterious Underpinnings of Emotional Life
LeDoux, J. E. (2004) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 4,212 · see citing works
Connectionism and cognitive architecture: A critical analysis
Fodor, J. A., & Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1988) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(88)90031-5 · Cited by 4,022 · see citing works
Toward an instance theory of automatization.
Logan, G. D. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.4.492 · Cited by 3,466 · see citing works
Knowledge and the Flow of Information.
Alston, W. P., & DRETSKE, F. I. (1983) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2184492 · Cited by 3,323 · see citing works
Being There: Putting Brain, Body and World Together Again.
van Gelder, T., & Clark, A. (1998) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2998391 · Cited by 3,131 · see citing works
Context theory of classification learning
Medin, D. L., & Schaffer, M. M. (1978) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.85.3.207 · Cited by 3,061 · see citing works
The Psychology Of Intelligence
Piaget, J. (2005) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203981528 · Cited by 3,029 · see citing works
Situation models in language comprehension and memory
Zwaan, R. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (1998) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.123.2.162 · Cited by 2,877 · see citing works
The role of theories in conceptual coherence.
Murphy, G. L., & Medin, D. L. (1985) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.92.3.289 · Cited by 2,805 · see citing works
Quine, W. V. O. (1976) · Sententiae · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1863-0_2 · Cited by 2,709 · see citing works
Miller, G. A., & Johnson-Laird, P. N. (1976) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674421288 · Cited by 2,661 · see citing works
Smith, E. E., & Medin, D. L. (1981) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674866270 · Cited by 2,653 · see citing works
(1987) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,512 · see citing works
Force Dynamics in Language and Cognition
Talmy, L. (1988) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog1201_2 · Cited by 2,440 · see citing works
Origins of the modern mind: three stages in the evolution of culture and cognition
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-4184 · Cited by 2,410 · see citing works
The Processing of Information and Structure
Royer, F. L., & Garner, W. R. (1974) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421985 · Cited by 2,147 · see citing works
Conceptual Integration Networks
Fauconnier, G., & Turner, M. B. (1998) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2202_1 · Cited by 2,042 · see citing works
Rethinking Innateness: A Connectionist Perspective on Development
Harris, M. J., Karmiloff‐Smith, A., Parisi, D., & Plunkett, K. (1996) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,990 · see citing works
DRETSKE, F. I., Editions, C., & Recanati, F. (1995) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/4872.001.0001 · Cited by 1,983 · see citing works
Introduction to Mathematical Philosophy
Russell, B., & Potter, M. (2022) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003308881 · Cited by 1,932 · see citing works
Glenberg, A. M. (1997) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x97000010 · Cited by 1,726 · see citing works
Mental Images and Their Transformations
D., C. P., Shepard, R. N., & Cooper, L. A. (1983) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422825 · Cited by 1,689 · see citing works
Culture as Consensus: A Theory of Culture and Informant Accuracy
Romney, A. K., Weller, S. C., & Batchelder, W. H. (1986) · American Anthropologist · doi:10.1525/aa.1986.88.2.02a00020 · Cited by 1,667 · see citing works
Mental models of the earth: A study of conceptual change in childhood
Vosniadou, S., & Brewer, W. F. (1992) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(92)90018-w · Cited by 1,662 · see citing works
de Sousa, R. (1987) · The MIT Press eBooks · doi:10.7551/mitpress/5760.001.0001 · Cited by 1,596 · see citing works
Damasio, A. R. (1989) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(89)90005-x · Cited by 1,538 · see citing works
Gilbert, D. T. (1991) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.46.2.107 · Cited by 1,526 · see citing works
Lakoff, G. P. (1999) · Cited by 1,523 · see citing works
Categorical Perception: The Groundwork of Cognition
Harnad, S. R. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,434 · see citing works
Spelke, E. S., Breinlinger, K., Macomber, J., & Jacobson, K. C. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.4.605 · Cited by 1,420 · see citing works
Frege, G. (1948) · De Gruyter eBooks · doi:10.1515/9783111546216-003 · Cited by 1,395 · see citing works
Explanation-Based Generalization: A Unifying View
Mitchell, T. M., Keller, R. M., & Kedar-Cabelli, S. T. (1986) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1023/a:1022691120807 · Cited by 1,382 · see citing works
What the Mind’s Eye Tells the Mind’s Brain: A Critique of Mental Imagery
Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1973) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-1193-8_1 · Cited by 1,348 · see citing works
From etymology to pragmatics metaphorical and cultural aspects of semantic structure
Sweetser, E. E. (1994) · Cited by 1,320 · see citing works
Loftus, E. F., Norman, D. A., & Rumelhart, D. E. (1975) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421908 · Cited by 1,306 · see citing works
Pulvermüller, F. (1999) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x9900182x · Cited by 1,284 · see citing works
How to build a baby: II. Conceptual primitives.
Mandler, J. M. (1992) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.99.4.587 · Cited by 1,278 · see citing works
Strategies and models of selective attention.
Treisman, A. (1969) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0027242 · Cited by 1,241 · see citing works
The Structure and Organization of Memory
Squire, L. R., Knowlton, B. J., & Musen, G. (1993) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.ps.44.020193.002321 · Cited by 1,121 · see citing works
External cognition: how do graphical representations work?
Scaife, M., & Rogers, Y. (1996) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1006/ijhc.1996.0048 · Cited by 1,066 · see citing works
A rational analysis of the selection task as optimal data selection.
Oaksford, M., & Nick Chater, A. (1994) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.101.4.608 · Cited by 1,047 · see citing works
Time and the observer: The where and when of consciousness in the brain
Dennett, D. C., & Kinsbourne, M. (1992) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00068229 · Cited by 1,015 · see citing works
Solving the “real” mysteries of visual perception: The world as an outside memory
O'Regan, J. K. (1992) · Canadian Journal of Psychology / Revue canadienne de psychologie · doi:10.1037/h0084327 · Cited by 997 · see citing works
Neurophilosophy: Toward a Unified Science of the Mind/Brain.
Hill, C. S., & Churchland, P. S. (1988) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2185418 · Cited by 966 · see citing works
Smolensky, P. (1990) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(90)90007-m · Cited by 959 · see citing works
Distributed representations of structure: A theory of analogical access and mapping.
Hummel, J. E., & Holyoak, K. J. (1997) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.104.3.427 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Recursive distributed representations
Pollack, J. B. (1990) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(90)90005-k · Cited by 848 · see citing works
Structure-mapping: A theoretical framework for analogy
GENTNER, D. (1983) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/s0364-0213(83)80009-3 · Cited by 816 · see citing works
Selective looking: Attending to visually specified events
Neisser, U., & Becklen, R. C. (1975) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(75)90019-5 · Cited by 801 · see citing works
Mental rotation and orientation-dependence in shape recognition
Tarr, M. J., & Pinker, S. A. (1989) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(89)90009-1 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
de Rooij, V. A. (1998) · Language · doi:10.2307/417856 · Cited by 785 · see citing works
Objects, parts, and categories.
Tversky, B., & Hemenway, K. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037/0096-3445.113.2.169 · Cited by 768 · see citing works
Reorganization of auditory cortex in tinnitus
Mühlnickel, W., Elbert, T. R., Taub, E., & Flor, H. (1998) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.95.17.10340 · Cited by 745 · see citing works
Black, M. (1977) · dialectica · doi:10.1111/j.1746-8361.1977.tb01296.x · Cited by 734 · see citing works
Topographical representations of mental images in primary visual cortex
Kosslyn, S. M., Thompson, W. L., Klm, I. J., & Alpert, N. M. (1995) · Nature · doi:10.1038/378496a0 · Cited by 701 · see citing works
Functional anatomical studies of explicit and implicit memory retrieval tasks
Buckner, R. L., Petersen, S., Ojemann, J. G., Miezin, F. M., Squire, L., & Raichle, M. E. (1995) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.15-01-00012.1995 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Investigating differences in general comprehension skill.
Gernsbacher, M. A., Varner, K. R., & Faust, M. E. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.16.3.430 · Cited by 666 · see citing works
Choice, similarity, and the context theory of classification.
Nosofsky, R. M. (1984) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.10.1.104 · Cited by 663 · see citing works
Chomsky, N. A. D. T. (1993) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 632 · see citing works
Shastri, L., & Ajjanagadde, V. (1993) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00030910 · Cited by 629 · see citing works
Becoming famous overnight: Limits on the ability to avoid unconscious influences of the past.
Jacoby, L. L., Kelley, C., Brown, J. E., & Jasechko, J. (1989) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.56.3.326 · Cited by 601 · see citing works
Similarity, typicality, and categorization
Rips, L. J. (1989) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511529863.004 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
The development of features in object concepts
Schyns, P. G., Goldstone, R. L., & Thibaut, J. (1998) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x98000107 · Cited by 598 · see citing works
Tetlock, P. E., & Belkin, A. (1997) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780691215075-003 · Cited by 585 · see citing works
The Mental Simulation of Better and Worse Possible Worlds
Markman, K. D., Gavanski, I., Sherman, S. J., & McMullen, M. N. (1993) · Journal of Experimental Social Psychology · doi:10.1006/jesp.1993.1005 · Cited by 547 · see citing works
Are different parts of the extended amygdala involved in fear versus anxiety?
Davis, M. (1998) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(98)00288-1 · Cited by 545 · see citing works
Exaptation: A Crucial Tool for an Evolutionary Psychology
Gould, S. J. (1991) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1991.tb01822.x · Cited by 526 · see citing works
Young children's reasoning about beliefs
Wellman, H. M., & Bartsch, K. (1988) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(88)90021-2 · Cited by 518 · see citing works
Differential context effects in the comprehension of abstract and concrete verbal materials.
Schwanenflugel, P. J., & Shoben, E. J. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.9.1.82 · Cited by 499 · see citing works
Connectionism and the problem of systematicity: Why Smolensky's solution doesn't work
Fodor, J. A., & McLaughlin, B. P. (1990) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(90)90014-b · Cited by 486 · see citing works
Compositionality: A Connectionist Variation on a Classical Theme
van Gelder, T. (1990) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1016/0364-0213(90)90017-q · Cited by 467 · see citing works
Context availability and lexical decisions for abstract and concrete words
Schwanenflugel, P. J., Harnishfeger, K. K., & Stowe, R. W. (1988) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(88)90022-8 · Cited by 457 · see citing works
Is visual imagery really visual? Overlooked evidence from neuropsychology.
Farah, M. J. (1988) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.95.3.307 · Cited by 436 · see citing works
Trenholme, R., Fodor, J. A., & Lepore, E. (1994) · Noûs · doi:10.2307/2216051 · Cited by 428 · see citing works
MacWhinney, B. (1999) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781410602367 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Pessoa, L., Thompson, E. T., & Noë, A. (1998) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x98001757 · Cited by 426 · see citing works
Two visual systems in mental imagery
Levine, D. N., Warach, J. D., & Farah, M. J. (1985) · Neurology · doi:10.1212/wnl.35.7.1010 · Cited by 422 · see citing works
The Role of Inhibitory Processes in Young Children's Difficulties with Deception and False Belief
Carlson, S. M., Moses, L. J., & Hix, H. R. (1998) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1998.tb06236.x · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Memory and Attention: An Introduction to Human Information Processing
Massaro, D. W., & Norman, D. A. (1994) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1423002 · Cited by 404 · see citing works
Knowing versus Naming: Similarity and the Linguistic Categorization of Artifacts
Malt, B. C., Sloman, S. A., Gennari, S. P., Shi, M., & Wang, Y. (1999) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1998.2593 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Averting the gaze disengages the environment and facilitates remembering
Glenberg, A. M., Schroeder, J. L., & Robertson, D. A. (1998) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03211385 · Cited by 389 · see citing works
Introduction to Symbolic Logic and its Applications.
Leblanc, H., & Carnap, R. (1960) · The Journal of Philosophy · doi:10.2307/2022247 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Phonemic restoration: Insights from a new methodology.
Samuel, A. G. (1981) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.110.4.474 · Cited by 370 · see citing works
A normative study of representational play in the transition to language.
McCune, L. (1995) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.31.2.198 · Cited by 365 · see citing works
Processing narrative time shifts.
Zwaan, R. A. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.5.1196 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
Apparent Motion of the Human Body
Shiffrar, M., & Freyd, J. J. (1990) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1990.tb00210.x · Cited by 354 · see citing works
Autobiographical memory: an introduction
(1991) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-1178 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Barsalou, L. W. (2019) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315782119-3 · Cited by 323 · see citing works
Self-citationModelling Parsing Constraints with High-dimensional Context Space
Lund, C. B. A. K. (1997) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/016909697386844 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Selective Attention: Perception or Response?
Treisman, A., & Geffen, G. M. (1967) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1080/14640746708400062 · Cited by 308 · see citing works
Neural Assemblies: An Alternative Approach to Artificial Intelligence
Palm, G. (1982) · MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) · Cited by 301 · see citing works
The place of perception in children's concepts
Jones, S. S., & Smith, L. B. (1993) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/0885-2014(93)90008-s · Cited by 295 · see citing works
Phantom limbs in people with congenital limb deficiency or amputation in early childhood
Melzack, R. (1997) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/120.9.1603 · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Neuroanatomical correlates of category-specific semantic disorders: A critical survey
Gainotti, G., Silveri, M. C., Daniel, A., & Giustolisi, L. (1995) · Memory · doi:10.1080/09658219508253153 · Cited by 289 · see citing works
Qualitative Spatial Reasoning: The Clock Project
Forbus, K. D., Nielsen, P. E., & Faltings, B. (1991) · Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0004-3702(91)90116-2 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Do people always process the literal meanings of indirect requests?
Gibbs, R. W. (1983) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.9.3.524 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Beyond Labeling: The Role of Maternal Input in the Acquisition of Richly Structured Categories
Gelman, S. A., Coley, J. D., Rosengren, K. S., Hartman, E., Pappas, A., & Keil, F. C. (1998) · Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development · doi:10.2307/1166211 · Cited by 265 · see citing works
Motor imagery: never in your wildest dream
Crammond, D. J. (1997) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(96)30019-2 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
Can you squeeze a tomato? The role of motor representations in semantic sensibility judgments
Klatzky, R. L., Pellegrino, J. W., McCloskey, B. P., & Doherty, S. (1989) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/0749-596x(89)90028-4 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
Brain Stimulation in the Study of Neuronal Functions for Conscious Sensory Experiences
Libet, B. (1993) · Birkhäuser Boston eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-0355-1_12 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Acute plasticity in the human somatosensory cortex following amputation
Borsook, D., Becerra, L. R., Fishman, S. M., Edwards, A., Jennings, C. L., Stojanovic, M. P., Papinicolas, L., Ramachandran, V. S., González, R. G., & Breiter, H. (1998) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-199804200-00011 · Cited by 229 · see citing works
Millikan, R. G. (1998) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x98000405 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Integrating Information Across Saccadic Eye Movements
Irwin, D. E. (1996) · Current Directions in Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/1467-8721.ep10772833 · Cited by 198 · see citing works
The Logic of Architecture. Design, Computation, and Cognition
Flemming, U., & Mitchell, W. J. T. (1992) · Journal of Architectural Education · doi:10.2307/1425204 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
I—On Propositions: What They are and How They Mean
Russell, B. (1919) · Aristotelian Society Supplementary Volume · doi:10.1093/aristoteliansupp/2.1.1 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
What is learned during automatization? The role of attention in constructing an instance.
Logan, G. D., & Etherton, J. L. (1994) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.20.5.1022 · Cited by 192 · see citing works
In the Theoretician's Laboratory: Thought Experimenting as Mental Modeling
Nersessian, N. J. (1992) · PSA Proceedings of the Biennial Meeting of the Philosophy of Science Association · doi:10.1086/psaprocbienmeetp.1992.2.192843 · Cited by 190 · see citing works
Fiske, S. T., & Taylor, S. E. (2013) · SAGE Publications Ltd eBooks · doi:10.4135/9781529681451.n4 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The Structure of Emotions: Investigations in Cognitive Philosophy.
Roberts, R. C., & Gordon, R. M. (1990) · The Philosophical Review · doi:10.2307/2185494 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Kosslyn, S. M. (1976) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213178 · Cited by 180 · see citing works
Count nouns, adjectives, and perceptual properties in children's novel word interpretations.
Smith, L. B., Jones, S. S., & Landau, B. (1992) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.28.2.273 · Cited by 179 · see citing works
Glenberg, A. M., Robertson, D. A., Jansen, J. L., & Johnson‐Glenberg, M. C. (1999) · Cognitive Systems Research · doi:10.1016/s1389-0417(99)00004-2 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
McNamara, T. P., & Sternberg, R. J. (1983) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(83)90291-8 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
The passions: The myth and nature of human emotion.
Solomon, R. C. (1976) · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Interpreting words in spatial descriptions
Morrow, D. G., & Clark, H. H. (1988) · Language and Cognitive Processes · doi:10.1080/01690968808402091 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Reading and Visual Memory: Remembering Scenes That Were Never Seen
Intraub, H., & Hoffman, J. E. (1992) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1422983 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Reminding-based category learning
Ross, B. H., Perkins, S. J., & Tenpenny, P. L. (1990) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(90)90010-2 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
An investigation of the nature of abstract concepts
Hampton, J. A. (1981) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03202329 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Metaphor and Cognition: An Interactionist Approach
Indurkhya, B. (1992) · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Pictures in sentences: Understanding without words.
Potter, M. C., & al., E. (1986) · Journal of Experimental Psychology General · doi:10.1037//0096-3445.115.3.281 · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Rösler, F., Heil, M., & Hennighausen, E. (1995) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn.1995.7.1.51 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
What an image depicts depends on what an image means
Chambers, D., & Reisberg, D. (1992) · Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.1016/0010-0285(92)90006-n · Cited by 117 · see citing works
Components of conceptual representation. From feature lists to recursive frames
Barsalou, L. W., & Hale, C. (1993) · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Self-citationMental Models and Narrative Comprehension: Some Qualifications
Wilson, S., Rinck, M., McNamara, T. P., Bower, G. H., & Morrow, D. G. (1993) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1993.1008 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Category Induction and Representation
Harnad, S. R. (1987) · ePrints Soton (University of Southampton) · Cited by 113 · see citing works
(1992) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.29-5689 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
More Annotated Alice: Alice's Adventures in Wonderland & Through the Looking Glass
Carroll, L., & Gardner, M. R. (1990) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 105 · see citing works
The metrics of spatial situation models.
Rinck, M., Hähnel, A., Bower, G. H., & Glowalla, U. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.23.3.622 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Attention in the acquisition and expression of automaticity.
Logan, G. D., Taylor, S. E., & Etherton, J. L. (1996) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/0278-7393.22.3.620 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
A context-sensitive representation of word meanings
Halff, H. M., Ortony, A., & Anderson, R. C. (1976) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03213193 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Neuronal models for cognitive processes: Networks for learning, perception and imagination
Trehub, A. (1977) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(77)90081-9 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Perceptual simulation in conceptual tasks
Barsalou, L. W., Solomon, K. O., & Wu, L. (1999) · Amsterdam studies in the theory and history of linguistic science. Series 4, Current issues in linguistic theory · doi:10.1075/cilt.152.15bar · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Self-citationNewton, N. (1997) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.34-5376 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Dimensional interactions in language processing: Investigating directions and levels of crosstalk.
Melara, R. D., & Marks, L. E. (1990) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.16.4.539 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Memory for ideas: Synonym substitution
Brewer, W. F. (1975) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03212941 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Context and the recallability of concrete and abstract sentences.
Wattenmaker, W. D., & Shoben, E. J. (1987) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.13.1.140 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Variability of color mixture data—I. Interobserver variability in the unit coordinates
Smith, V. C., Pokorny, J., & Starr, S. J. (1976) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/0042-6989(76)90247-9 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Kronenfeld, D. B. (1993) · Language · doi:10.2307/416718 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Activating representations in permanent memory: Different benefits for pictures and words.
Seifert, L. S. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.23.5.1106 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
A Discourse on Novelty and Creation
Daley, J. W., & Hausman, C. R. (1977) · Journal of Aesthetic Education · doi:10.2307/3331823 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Dent, C. H., & Szokolszky, Á. (1993) · Metaphor and Symbolic Activity · doi:10.1207/s15327868ms0803_8 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Attenuating verbal overshadowing through color retrieval cues.
Brandimonte, M. A., Schooler, J. W., & Gabbino, P. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Learning Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037//0278-7393.23.4.915 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The Organization of Mental Verbs and Folk Theories of Knowing
Schwanenflugel, P. J., Fabricius, W. V., Noyes, C. R., et al. (1994) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1006/jmla.1994.1018 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Brain modularity: towards a philosophy of conscious experience
Gazzaniga, M. S. (1992) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198522379.003.0010 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Steering a course for embodied representation
PRINZ, J. J., & Barsalou, L. W. (2000) · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Self-citationBrewer, W. F., & Pani, J. R. (1983) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60095-x · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Younger, B. A., & Cohen, L. B. (1985) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60528-9 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Turing's Analysis of Computation and Theories of Cognitive Architecture
Wells, A. (1998) · Cognitive Science · doi:10.1207/s15516709cog2203_1 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Representation of a sentence and its pragmatic implications: Verbal, imagistic, or abstract?
Potter, M. C., Valian, V. V., & Faulconer, B. A. (1977) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(77)80002-9 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
More than Cool Reason: A Field Guide to Poetic Metaphor
Taylor, R., Lakoff, G. P., & Turner, M. (1991) · The Modern Language Review · doi:10.2307/3731013 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Clauses and the semantic representation of words
Eckardt, B. V., & Potter, M. C. (1985) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03202505 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Generalizing everyday memory: Signs and handedness
Martin, M., & Jones, G. V. (1998) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/bf03201132 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Rosenstein, M. T., & Cohen, P. R. (1998) · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Hochberg, J. E. (1998) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012301160-2/50011-3 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hannay, A., & Tye, M. (1993) · The Philosophical Quarterly · doi:10.2307/2220377 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Emotion as a natural kind: Towards a computational foundation for emotion theory
Charland, L. C. (1995) · Philosophical Psychology · doi:10.1080/09515089508573145 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Figure–Ground Organization and the Spatial and Temporal Responses of the Visual System
Weisstein, N., & Wong, E. (1986) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-631402-1.50007-7 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Category Learning as Problem Solving
Ross, B. H. (1996) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/s0079-7421(08)60575-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Knowledge and ability in "theory of mind": A one-eyed overview of a debate
Leslie, A. M., & German, T. P. (1995) · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Weisstein, N., Montalvo, F., & Ozog, G. (1972) · Psychonomic Science · doi:10.3758/bf03328897 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Effects of imagery on vernier acuity under conditions of induced depth.
Craver-Lemley, C., Arterberry, M. E., & Reeves, A. (1997) · Journal of Experimental Psychology Human Perception & Performance · doi:10.1037//0096-1523.23.1.3 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
On Creation of Features and Change of Representation
Indurkhya, B. (1998) · 認知科学 = Cognitive studies : bulletin of the Japanese Cognitive Science Society · doi:10.11225/jcss.5.2_43 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Mental Imagery as the Adaptationist Views It
Pani, J. R. (1996) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1006/ccog.1996.0020 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Abstract noun classification: using a neural network to match word context and word meaning
Wiemer-Hastings, K. (1998) · Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers · doi:10.3758/bf03200654 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Biological Constraints and the Representation of Structure in Vision and LanguagePreprint
Edelman, S. (1994) · CogPrints (University of Southampton) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Talker differences and perceptual normalization
Magnuson, J. S., & Nusbaum, H. C. (1993) · The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America · doi:10.1121/1.406157 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Retrieval strategies in memory-based automaticity
Compton, B. J. (1996) · Illinois Digital Environment for Access to Learning and Scholarship (University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Cognitive Architecture and Instructional Design: 20 Years Later
Sweller, J., van Merriënboer, J. J. G., & Paas, F. (2019) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/s10648-019-09465-5 · Cited by 2,337 · see citing works
Four central questions about prediction in language processing
Huettig, F. (2015) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2015.02.014 · Cited by 405 · see citing works
A Direct Brain-to-Brain Interface in Humans
Rao, R. P. N., Stocco, A., Bryan, M., Sarma, D., Youngquist, T. M., Wu, J., & Prat, C. S. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0111332 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
Rahman, M. S., Bag, S., Hossain, M. A., Abdel Fattah, F. A. M., Gani, M. O., & Rana, N. P. (2023) · Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services · doi:10.1016/j.jretconser.2023.103273 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
Abstract concepts, language and sociality: from acquisition to inner speech
Borghi, A. M., Barca, L., Binkofski, F., & Tummolini, L. (2018) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2017.0134 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
van Ooijen, I., Fransen, M. L., Verlegh, P. W. J., & Smit, E. G. (2017) · Food Quality and Preference · doi:10.1016/j.foodqual.2017.06.007 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
The role of visual imagery in story reading: Evidence from aphantasia
Speed, L. J., Eekhof, L. S., & Mak, M. (2024) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2024.103645 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Jeppesen, L. S., Damsgaard, L., Stolpe, M. N., Melcher, J. N. S., Wienecke, J., Nielsen, G., Smedegaard, S., Henriksen, A. H., Hansen, R. A., Hillman, C. H., et al. (2024) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-024-04647-9 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Barsalou, L. W.
- Affiliations
- Emory University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Barsalou, Lawrence W.
- Venue
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1999-08
- Volume
- 22
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 637-660
- ISSN
- 0140-525X (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1825
- OpenAlex
- W2065548002
- Cited by
- 620
- References
- 181
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 62 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 36 · 2020: 40 · 2019: 70 · 2018: 82 · 2017: 65 · 2016: 49 · 2015: 43 · 2014: 24 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 0.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Behavioral and Brain Sciences (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Embodied and Extended Cognition
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Categorization, perception, and language
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Philosophy and Theoretical Science
- Keywords
- perceptual symbol systems, latent semantic analysis, abstract concepts, simulators, category structure, frames, analogy, self-reflection, situated action, language, computational mechanisms, perception, feature
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review