Subject-specific and task-specific characteristics of metalinguistic awareness in bilingual children
Abstract
Abstract The relationship between bilingualism and metalinguistic awareness was explored in Puerto Rican Spanish- and English-speaking children. All subjects were from low-income backgrounds and were enrolled in a transitional bilingual education program in the United States. Two longitudinal studies were conducted. The first study examined the abilities to note and correct ungrammatical sentences in Spanish. Subjects were 104 children in first and second grade at the beginning of the study. They were followed over a period of 2 years. The second study looked at the ability to detect ambiguity in sentences, and to paraphrase the different meanings. There were 107 subjects who were in fourth and fifth grades, and were also followed over a 2-year period. The results from both studies indicated that native language proficiency as well as the degree of bilingualism affected metalinguistic awareness. The results also indicated that these effects interacted with the types of items in the metalinguistic tasks. This suggests that both subject-specific and task-specific factors are important in understanding the relationship between bilingualism and metalinguistic awareness.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Cites
Snedecor, G. W., Cochran, W. G., & STOUT, B. B. (1939) · Soil Science · doi:10.1097/00010694-193902000-00006 · Cited by 19,423 · see citing works
Acquisition of cognitive skill
Anderson, J. R. (1982) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/0033-295x.89.4.369 · Cited by 3,663 · see citing works
Language Acquisition: The State of the Art
Wanner, E., & Gleitman, L. R. (2009) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,022 · see citing works
Papers from the 26th regional meeting of the Chicago Linguistic Society
Ziolkowski, M. F., Noske, M., & Deaton, K. (1992) · Chicago Linguistic Society eBooks · Cited by 674 · see citing works
The Child’s Conception of Language
Sinclair, A., Jarvella, R. J., & Levelt, W. J. M. (1978) · Springer series in language and communication · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-67155-5 · Cited by 504 · see citing works
The Influence of Bilingualism on Cognitive Strategy and Cognitive Development
Ben-Zeev, S. (1977) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128353 · Cited by 495 · see citing works
(1976) · Cited by 442 · see citing works
Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test
Eigsti, I. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-91280-6_531 · Cited by 429 · see citing works
Gleason, J. B. (1985) · Cited by 401 · see citing works
Bilingualism and cognitive development
Ianco-Worrall, A. D. (1972) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1127524 · Cited by 361 · see citing works
The Development of Metalinguistic Abilities in Children
Hakes, D. T. (1980) · Springer series in language and communication · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-67761-8 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
The emergence of the child as grammarian
Gleitman, L. R., Gleitman, H., & Shipley, E. F. (1972) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(72)90016-9 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
Toward a Definition of Metalinguistic Skill.
Bialystok, E., & Ryan, E. B. (1985) · Merrill-palmer Quarterly · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Rosenblum, T., & Pinker, S. A. (1983) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1130064 · Cited by 133 · see citing works
Bilingualism and Special Education
Watson, B., & Etten, C. V. (1977) · Journal of Learning Disabilities · doi:10.1177/002221947701000602 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
Early judgments of semantic and syntactic acceptability by children
de Villiers, P. A., & de Villiers, J. G. (1972) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/bf01067785 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Hirsh‐Pasek, K., Gleitman, L. R., & Gleitman, H. (1978) · Springer series in language and communication · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-67155-5_7 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
LANGUAGE ACQUISITION IN A BILINGUAL CHILD
Padilla, A. M., & Liebman, E. (1975) · Bilingual review/The Bilingual review · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Bilingualism and Cognition: Some Recent Findings
Duncan, S. E., & Avila, E. A. D. (1979) · NABE Journal · doi:10.1080/08855072.1979.10668370 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Development of the Ability to Detect Linguistic Ambiguity
Shultz, T. R., & Pilon, R. (1973) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1973.tb01144.x · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Development of the Ability to Detect Linguistic Ambiguity
Shultz, T. R., & Pilon, R. (1973) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1127716 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Children's Awareness of Semantic Constraints in Sentences
James, S. L., & Miller, J. F. (1973) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1127681 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
A theory of knowledge acquisition in the development of verbal concepts*1
Sternberg, R. J. (1984) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/0273-2297(84)90001-7 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The aquisition of semantic restrictions in children
Howe, H. E., & Hillman, D. (1973) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(73)80002-7 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Hakuta, K. (1984) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Bilingualism: consequences for mind and brain
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., & Luk, G. (2012) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2012.03.001 · Cited by 1,386 · see citing works
A systematic review and meta-analysis of the cognitive correlates of bilingualism
Adesope, O. O., Lavin, T., Thompson, T., & Ungerleider, C. (2010) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654310368803 · Cited by 1,132 · see citing works
Cook, V. J. (1992) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-1770.1992.tb01044.x · Cited by 855 · see citing works
Bialystok, E., Craik, F. I. M., Green, D. W., & Gollan, T. H. (2009) · Gothic.net · doi:10.1177/1529100610387084 · Cited by 678 · see citing works
Developing phonological awareness: Is there a bilingual advantage?
Bialystok, E., Majumder, S., & Martin, M. M. (2003) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s014271640300002x · Cited by 440 · see citing works
Bilingualism and the development of executive function: The role of attention
Bialystok, E. (2015) · Child Development Perspectives · doi:10.1111/cdep.12116 · Cited by 375 · see citing works
Cognitive Effects of Bilingualism: How Linguistic Experience Leads to Cognitive Change
Bialystok, E. (2007) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.2167/beb441.0 · Cited by 360 · see citing works
Emerging bilingualism: Dissociating advantages for metalinguistic awareness and executive control
Bialystok, E., & Barac, R. (2011) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2011.08.003 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
Acquisition of Literacy in Bilingual Children: A Framework for Research
Bialystok, E. (2007) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2007.00412.x · Cited by 344 · see citing works
Bilingual education enhances third language acquisition: Evidence from Catalonia
Sanz, C. (2000) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400001028 · Cited by 327 · see citing works
Bilingualism, Language Proficiency, and Learning to Read in Two Writing Systems.
Bialystok, E., McBride-Chang, C. A., & Luk, G. (2005) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-0663.97.4.580 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
The relationship between bilingualism and the development of cognitive processes in problem-solving
Bialystok, E., & Majumder, S. (1998) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400010584 · Cited by 292 · see citing works
Age and the Acquisition of English as a Foreign Language
(2003) · Multilingual Matters eBooks · doi:10.21832/9781853596407 · Cited by 283 · see citing works
Additive trilingualism: Evidence from the Basque Country
Cenoz, J., & Valencia, J. (1994) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400005324 · Cited by 281 · see citing works
The effects of learning two languages on levels of metalinguistic awareness
Galambos, S. J., & Goldin-Meadow, S. (1990) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/0010-0277(90)90030-n · Cited by 276 · see citing works
Self-citationDickinson, D. K., McCabe, A., Clark-Chiarelli, N., & Wolf, A. (2004) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716404001158 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
Moving toward a neuroplasticity view of bilingualism, executive control, and aging
Baum, S. R., & Titone, D. A. (2014) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716414000174 · Cited by 231 · see citing works
Language planning for the 21st century: revisiting bilingual language policy for deaf children
Knoors, H., & Marschark, M. (2012) · Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education · doi:10.1093/deafed/ens018 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
The metalinguistic benefits of limited contact with a second language
Yelland, G. W., Pollard, J., & Mercuri, A. (1993) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400010687 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
Bilingual is as bilingual does: Metalinguistic abilities of Arabic-speaking children
Eviatar, Z., & Ibrahim, R. (2000) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716400004021 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Winsler, A., Díaz, R. M., Espinosa, L. M., & RodrÃguez, J. L. (1999) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/1467-8624.t01-1-00026 · Cited by 189 · see citing works
Producing bilinguals through immersion education: Development of metalinguistic awareness
Bialystok, E., Peets, K. F., & Moreno, S. (2012) · Applied Psycholinguistics · doi:10.1017/s0142716412000288 · Cited by 177 · see citing works
Exposure to multiple languages enhances communication skills in infancy
Liberman, Z., Woodward, A. L., Keysar, B., & Kinzler, K. D. (2016) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12420 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
Educating Language Minority Students and Affirming Their Equal Rights
Hakuta, K. (2011) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x11404943 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
Self-citationSegregating Arizona's English Learners: A Return to the “Mexican Room”?
Gándara, P. C., & Orfield, G. (2012) · Teachers College Record The Voice of Scholarship in Education · doi:10.1177/016146811211400905 · Cited by 130 · see citing works
The Impact of Bilingualism on Language and Literacy Development
Bialystok, E. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781118332382.ch25 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Generational Differences in Academic Achievement Among Immigrant Youths
Duong, M. T., Badaly, D., Liu, F. F., Schwartz, D., & McCarty, C. A. (2015) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/0034654315577680 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Espinosa, L. M. (2005) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.20115 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Degree of Bilingualism and Cognitive Ability in Mainland Puerto Rican Children
Hakuta, K. (1987) · Child Development · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8624.1987.tb01465.x · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationLauchlan, F., Parisi, M., & Fadda, R. (2012) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006911429622 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Rauch, D. P., Naumann, J., & Jude, N. (2011) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006911425819 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Bilingual/Immersion education: Indicators of good practice
May, S. A., Hill, R. K., & Tiakiwai, S.-J. (2004) · Cited by 90 · see citing works
A Bilingual Advantage? An Appeal for a Change in Perspective and Recommendations for Future Research
Poarch, G. J., & Krott, A. (2019) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs9090095 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Translation Ability: A Natural Bilingual and Metalinguistic Skill
Malakoff, M. E. (1992) · Advances in psychology · doi:10.1016/s0166-4115(08)61514-9 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Syntactic awareness in young monolingual and bilingual (Urdu–English) children
Davidson, D. Z., Raschke, V., & Pervez, J. (2009) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2009.07.003 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Threshold Hypothesis Applied to Three Languages in Contact at School
Lasagabaster, D. (1998) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670059808667678 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Conflict resolution in sentence processing by bilinguals
Moreno, S., Bialystok, E., Wodniecka, Z., & Alain, C. (2010) · Journal of Neurolinguistics · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroling.2010.05.002 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Chen, X., & Padilla, A. M. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02122 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
White Paper: Prolegomena to Heritage Linguistics
Benmamoun, E., Montrul, S., & Polinsky, M. (2010) · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Linguistic and metalinguistic outcomes of intense immersion education: how bilingual?
Hermanto, N., Moreno, S., & Bialystok, E. (2012) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2011.652591 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Episodic and semantic memory in bilingual and monolingual children
Kormi‐Nouri, R., Moniri, S., & Nilsson, L. (2003) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/1467-9450.00320 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Lefrançois, P., & Armand, F. (2003) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1023/a:1022874425314 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Uchikoshi, Y., & Marinova-Todd, S. H. (2011) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-011-9347-2 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Marazita, J. M., & Merriman, W. E. (2004) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2004.06.008 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Bilingualism and schooling in the United States
García, E. E. (2002) · International Journal of the Sociology of Language · doi:10.1515/ijsl.2002.028 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Proctor, C. P., August, D. L., Carlo, M. S., & Barr, C. (2010) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.2009.01634.x · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Chapter 2: Language, Culture, and Education
García, E. E. (1993) · Review of Research in Education · doi:10.3102/0091732x019001051 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Impact of Bilingualism on Language and Literacy Development
Bialystok, E. (2006) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9780470756997.ch22 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
The Role of Cultural Artifacts in the Interpretation of Metaphorical Expressions About Time
Duffy, S. E. (2014) · Metaphor and Symbol · doi:10.1080/10926488.2014.889989 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Kang, J. Y. (2010) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-010-9277-4 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
Armand, F. (2000) · Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes · doi:10.3138/cmlr.56.3.469 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Hedgcock, J. S. (1993) · Second language Research · doi:10.1177/026765839300900101 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Foursha-Stevenson, C. D., & Nicoladis, E. (2011) · International Journal of Bilingualism · doi:10.1177/1367006911425818 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Unpacking the oral translanguaging practices of Korean-American first graders
Lee, C., & García, G. E. (2020) · Bilingual Research Journal · doi:10.1080/15235882.2019.1703844 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Débuts de la littératie, langue et culture : perspective socioculturelle
Burns, S., Espinosa, L. M., & Snow, C. E. (2004) · Revue des sciences de l éducation · doi:10.7202/009493ar · Cited by 31 · see citing works
?Hispanic? children: Theoretical, empirical, and related policy issues
García, E. E. (1992) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1007/bf01322395 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Prolegomena to Heritage Linguistics
Benmamoun, E., Montrul, S., & Polinsky, M. (2010) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Zusammenhänge zwischen mehrsprachigen Sprachkompetenzen und Sprachbewusstheit bei Grundschulkindern
Bien-Miller, L., Akbulut, M., Wildemann, A., & Reich, H. H. (2017) · Zeitschrift für Erziehungswissenschaft · doi:10.1007/s11618-017-0740-8 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Multilingualism and Metalinguistic Awareness
Sanz, C. (2012) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0802 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Language dominance predicts cognate effects and metalinguistic awareness in preschool bilinguals
Anthony, J. J. D. R., Blumenfeld, H. K., Potapova, I., & Pruitt-Lord, S. (2020) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2020.1735990 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Leckie, A., Kaplan, S. E., & Rubinstein‐Ávila, E. (2012) · Language Policy · doi:10.1007/s10993-012-9242-y · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Kieseier, T., Thomä, D., Vogelbacher, M., & Hopp, H. (2022) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.2022.2093888 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Dagenais, D. (2009) · Revue des sciences de l éducation · doi:10.7202/019685ar · Cited by 19 · see citing works
The effect of dialect experience on Chinese children’s Mandarin phonological awareness
Chen, S., Li, R., Li, G., Wang, Y., & Wu, L. (2012) · Reading and Writing · doi:10.1007/s11145-012-9420-5 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Measuring Metasyntactic Abilities: On a Classification of Metasyntactic Tasks
Simard, D., Labelle, M., & Bergeron, A. (2016) · Journal of Psycholinguistic Research · doi:10.1007/s10936-016-9445-z · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Acquiring an Artificial Logographic Orthography
Ehrich, J. F., & Meuter, R. F. I. (2009) · Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022022109338624 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Multilingualism and Metalinguistic Awareness
Sanz, C. (2019) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0802.pub2 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Living through Languages: An African Tribute to René Dirven
(2007) · African Sun Media eBooks · doi:10.18820/9781920109714 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Trebits, A. (2019) · International Journal of Multilingualism · doi:10.1080/14790718.2019.1678626 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Measuring metasyntactic ability among heritage language children
Simard, D., Fortier, V., & Foucambert, D. (2011) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728911000071 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
On the Relationship Between Bilingualism and Mathematical Performance: A Systematic Review
González-Martín, A. M., Berd-Gómez, R., Saura-Montesinos, V., Biel-Maeso, M., & Abrahamse, E. L. (2024) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci14111172 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Wildemann, A., & Bien-Miller, L. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Grundschulforschung · doi:10.1007/s42278-021-00133-8 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Language Processing at Its Trickiest: Grammatical Illusions and Heuristics of Judgment
Leivada, E. (2020) · Languages · doi:10.3390/languages5030029 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Investigating Effects of Bilingualism on Syntactic Processing: Testing Structural Sensitivity Theory
Siu, T. S. C., & Ho, C. S. (2022) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12494 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
(Meta)linguistic abilities of bilectal educators: the case of Cyprus
Leivada, E., Kambanaros, M., Taxitari, L., & Grohmann, K. Κ. (2017) · International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism · doi:10.1080/13670050.2017.1401040 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Translanguaging in the English-Centric Classroom: A Communities of Practice Perspective
Pacheco, M. B. (2016) · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Marinova-Todd, S. H. (2011) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s136672891000043x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Bilingualism and symbolic abstraction: Implications for algebra learning
Mielicki, M. K., Kacinik, N. A., & Wiley, J. (2017) · Learning and Instruction · doi:10.1016/j.learninstruc.2017.03.002 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Multilingualism as a Resource: Implications for Education
Mohanty, A. K. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-9565-0_9 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Early foreign language education and metalinguistic development
Charkova, K. D. (2003) · Annual Review of Language Acquisition · doi:10.1075/arla.3.04cha · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The case for language awareness in the Irish primary school curriculum
McCarthy, J. F. (1994) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.1994.9959839 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Suárez, M. D. M., & del Mar, M. (2010) · Dipòsit Digital de la Universitat de Barcelona (Universitat de Barcelona) · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Multilingualism Among Israeli Arabs, and the Neuropsychology of Reading in Different Languages
Eviatar, Z., & Ibrahim, R. (2011) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-2327-6_4 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Sevinç, M., & Önkol, F. L. (2009) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2009.01.243 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Irish medium education : cognitive skills, linguistic skills, and attitudes towards Irish
Kennedy, I. (2012) · Bangor University Research Portal (Bangor University) · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Davidson, D. Z., Vanegas, S. B., Hilvert, E., Rainey, V. R., & Misiunaite, I. (2019) · Journal of Child Language · doi:10.1017/s0305000919000059 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
A Multisite Randomized Controlled Trial of the Effectiveness of Descubriendo la Lectura
Borman, G. D., Borman, T., Park, S. J., & Houghton, S. (2019) · American Educational Research Journal · doi:10.3102/0002831219890612 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Borman, T., Borman, G. D., Houghton, S., Park, S. J., Zhu, B., Martin, A., & Wilkinson-Flicker, S. (2019) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/2332858419870488 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Kloosterman, V. I. (1999) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Gil, G. (1999) · LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Effect of language background on metalinguistic awareness and theory of mind
Pearson, D. K. (2013) · Stirling Online Research Repository (University of Stirling) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The nature of bilingualism and implications for educational psychologists
Lauchlan, F. (2014) · Educational and Child Psychology · doi:10.53841/bpsecp.2014.31.2.8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
McCarthy, J. (1997) · Language Awareness · doi:10.1080/09658416.1997.9959930 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Bilingualism and cognitive development: a study on the acquisition of number skills
Guagnano, D. (2010) · Unitn-eprints PhD (University of Trento) · doi:10.15168/11572_368038 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Sprachbewusstheit und Schreiben
Akbulut, M., & Schmölzer-Eibinger, S. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-39229-1_6 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
An Overview of the Bilingual Advantage: History, Mechanisms, and Consequences
Zhang, M. (2018) · Western Undergraduate Psychology Journal · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The Effect of the Second Language on Metalinguistic Awareness in Third Language Vocabulary Learning
Sadouki, F. (2021) · Romanian Journal of English Studies · doi:10.1515/rjes-2021-0011 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
The form and productivity of the Maltese morphological diminutive
Drake, S. (2018) · Morphology · doi:10.1007/s11525-018-9328-0 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Izadi, M., & Yarahmadzehi, N. (2018) · Linguistic Approaches to Bilingualism · doi:10.1075/lab.16012.iza · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Bilingualism: Research and Policy
McCardle, P. (2015) · New Directions for Child and Adolescent Development · doi:10.1002/cad.20088 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
- Authors
- Galambos, S. J., & Hakuta, K.
- Affiliations
- Yale University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Galambos, Sylvia Joseph
- Hakuta, Kenji
- Venue
- Applied Psycholinguistics
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1988-06
- Volume
- 9
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 141-162
- ISSN
- 0142-7164 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1817
- OpenAlex
- W2159371443
- Cited by
- 149
- References
- 25
- Citations by year
- 2025: 1 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 8 · 2014: 6 · 2013: 1 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 1.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Psycholinguistics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Language Development and Disorders
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- metalinguistic awareness, bilingual children, Spanish-English bilingualism, Puerto Rican children, transitional bilingual education, native language proficiency, grammatical error correction, paraphrase, longitudinal development
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
