The DOI matches its Crossref record; 65 of the 66 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
List learning of second language vocabulary
Abstract
The learning of second language vocabulary in lists of word pairs is a widespread practice. A basic practical question in this respect is whether it is more effective for nonfluent bilinguals to learn word pairs in first language–second language order (Ll–L2), or vice versa. To date, experimental psychology has not given a clear answer to this question, partly because it has not addressed the relevant issues directly. This article reviews some aspects of psychology that are relevant to L2 vocabulary list learning and reports on an experiment conducted with comprehensive (high) school students, aged 11–13, who were learning French. The experiment examined the presentation of vocabulary items to be learned. It was found that presenting items in L1–L2 order was the more versatile form of presentation if both production and comprehension of L2 items were required on the part of the learner. The theoretical implications of the findings, relating to the structure of the bilingual lexicon, are also discussed.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“Producti v e learning typically results in more and stronger knowledge than recepti v e learning (Griffin & Harley, 1996).”
From The Four Strands (2007) · cites this paper as Griffin & Harley, 1996
Citations
Cites
Levels of processing: A framework for memory research
Craik, F. I. M., & Lockhart, R. S. (1972) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x · Cited by 9,566
Paivio, A. (2013) · Psychology Press eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781315798868 · Cited by 4,184
Mezei, Á., & Paivio, A. (1972) · Leonardo · doi:10.2307/1572599 · Cited by 3,265
The language-as-fixed-effect fallacy: A critique of language statistics in psychological research
Clark, H. H. (1973) · Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0022-5371(73)80014-3 · Cited by 2,265
The Handbook of Research on Teaching
Ryans, D. G., & Gage, N. L. (1962) · Journal of Teacher Education · doi:10.1177/002248716201300121 · Cited by 1,975
Teaching and learning vocabulary
Nation, P. (1994) · System · doi:10.1016/0346-251x(94)90065-5 · Cited by 1,743
The serial position effect of free recall.
Murdock, B. B. (1962) · Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0045106 · Cited by 1,717
Schmidt, R. A., & Bjork, R. A. (1992) · Psychological Science · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9280.1992.tb00029.x · Cited by 1,582
Teaching and Learning Vocabulary
Gader, R., & Taylor, L. K. (1991) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.2307/3587090 · Cited by 1,443
Battig, W. F., Tulving, E., & Donaldson, W. (1973) · The American Journal of Psychology · doi:10.2307/1421962 · Cited by 1,428
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Tulving, 1968, Verbal behavior and general behavior theory, 2
- Kroll, 1993, The bilingual lexicon, 63
- Jacoby, 1979, Levels of processing in human memory, 1
- Lado, 1967, Massive vocabulary expansion in foreign language beyond the basic course: The effects of stimuli, timing, and order of presentation
- Meara, 1984, Interlanguage, 225
- Meara, 1987, Vocabulary in a second language
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Research Methods in Applied Linguistics
(2021) · Research methods in applied linguistics · doi:10.1075/rmal · Cited by 2,782
Nation, P. (2017) · Indonesian JELT Indonesian Journal of English Language Teaching · doi:10.25170/ijelt.v12i1.1458 · Cited by 623
RECEPTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE VOCABULARY LEARNING: The Effects of Reading and Writing on Word Knowledge
Webb, S. (2005) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263105050023 · Cited by 527
Incidental and Intentional Learning
Hulstijn, J. H. (2003) · The Handbook of Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1002/9780470756492.ch12 · Cited by 532
Nation, P. (2007) · Innovation in Language Learning and Teaching · doi:10.2167/illt039.0 · Cited by 494
“Productive learning typically results in more and stronger knowledge than receptive learning (Griffin & Harley, 1996).”
BackgroundRECEPTIVE AND PRODUCTIVE VOCABULARY SIZES OF L2 LEARNERS
Webb, S. (2008) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263108080042 · Cited by 379
Deliberate Learning and Vocabulary Acquisition in a Second Language
Elgort, I. (2011) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/j.1467-9922.2010.00613.x · Cited by 257
Mobile-assisted ESL/EFL vocabulary learning: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Lin, J.-J., & Lin, H. (2019) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2018.1541359 · Cited by 262
Nakata, T. (2015) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263114000825 · Cited by 179
Incidental vocabulary acquisition: The effects of task type, word occurrence and their combination
Laufer, B., & Rozovski-Roitblat, B. (2011) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168811412019 · Cited by 197
Nakata, T. (2011) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2010.520675 · Cited by 167
Research into practice: Vocabulary
Nation, P. (2011) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444811000267 · Cited by 182
The Effects of Vocabulary Learning on Collocation and Meaning
Webb, S., & Kagimoto, E. (2009) · TESOL Quarterly · doi:10.1002/j.1545-7249.2009.tb00227.x · Cited by 132
Steinel, M. P., Hulstijn, J., & Steinel, W. (2007) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263107070271 · Cited by 110
The Effects of Receptive and Productive Learning of Word Pairs on Vocabulary Knowledge
Webb, S. (2009) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/0033688209343854 · Cited by 121
Assessing Japanese college students' vocabulary knowledge with a self-checking familiarity survey
Barrow, J., Nakanishi, Y., & Ishino, H. (1999) · System · doi:10.1016/s0346-251x(99)00018-4 · Cited by 100
Translation and short-term L2 vocabulary retention: Hindrance or help?
Hummel, K. M. (2010) · Language Teaching Research · doi:10.1177/1362168809346497 · Cited by 89
Li, R. (2021) · SAGE Open · doi:10.1177/21582440211003092 · Cited by 124
PERCEPTION PRACTICE, PRODUCTION PRACTICE, AND MUSICAL ABILITY IN L2 MANDARIN TONE-WORD LEARNING
Li, M., & DEKEYSER, R. M. (2017) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263116000358 · Cited by 87
The Effects of Pre-learning Vocabulary on Reading Comprehension and Writing
Webb, S. (2009) · Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes · doi:10.3138/cmlr.65.3.441 · Cited by 83
DOES STUDYING VOCABULARY IN SMALLER SETS INCREASE LEARNING?
Nakata, T., & Webb, S. (2015) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263115000236 · Cited by 92
Task-based language teaching: For the state secondary FL classroom?
Bruton, A. (2005) · Language Learning Journal · doi:10.1080/09571730585200091 · Cited by 78
Zhang, X. (2017) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2017.03.019 · Cited by 44
Measuring L2 Receptive and Productive Vocabulary Knowledge
Pignot-Shahov, V. (2012) · Cited by 49
de Groot, A. M. B., & Smedinga, H. E. (2014) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263114000059 · Cited by 47
The Categorical Facilitation Effects on L2 Vocabulary Learning in a Classroom Setting
Hoshino, Y. (2010) · RELC Journal · doi:10.1177/0033688210380558 · Cited by 46
Choo, L. B., Lin, D. T. A., & Pandian, A. (2012) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.09.572 · Cited by 43
Word Lists for Vocabulary Learning and Teaching
Lessard‐Clouston, M. (2013) · The CATESOL journal. · doi:10.5070/b5.36167 · Cited by 38
Research Methods in Vocabulary Studies
Durrant, P., Siyanova‐Chanturia, A., Kremmel, B., & Sonbul, S. (2022) · Research methods in applied linguistics · doi:10.1075/rmal.2 · Cited by 32
Supporting Foreign Language Vocabulary Learning Through Kinect-Based Gaming
Ürün, M. F., Aksoy, H., & Comez, R. (2016) · International Journal of Game-Based Learning · doi:10.4018/ijgbl.2017010102 · Cited by 30
Comparing the merits of word writing and retrieval practice for L2 vocabulary learning
Candry, S., Decloedt, J., & Eyckmans, J. (2020) · System · doi:10.1016/j.system.2020.102206 · Cited by 31
Effects of retrieval formats on second language vocabulary learning
Nakata, T. (2016) · International Review of Applied Linguistics in Language Teaching · doi:10.1515/iral-2015-0022 · Cited by 30
Re-examining the effects of word writing on vocabulary learning
Webb, S., & Piasecki, A. E. (2018) · ITL Review of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1075/itl.00007.web · Cited by 23
EFFECTS OF LEARNING DIRECTION IN RETRIEVAL PRACTICE ON EFL VOCABULARY LEARNING
Terai, M., Yamashita, J., & Pasich, K. E. (2021) · Studies in Second Language Acquisition · doi:10.1017/s0272263121000346 · Cited by 24
Kemp, L., & McDonald, J. (2021) · Language Learning · doi:10.1111/lang.12449 · Cited by 16
Vocabulary growth in an English as a foreign language context
Zhong, H. F., & Hirsh, D. A. (2009) · Cited by 17
The Role of L1 in L2 Idiom Comprehension
Taki, S., & Soghady, M. R. N. (2013) · Journal of Language Teaching and Research · doi:10.4304/jltr.4.4.824-833 · Cited by 17
Shahraki, S. H., & Kassaian, Z. (2011) · Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.04.073 · Cited by 17
Mizumoto, A. (2009) · Kansai University Institutional Repository (Kansai University) · doi:10.32286/00000057 · Cited by 13
Mizumoto, Atsushi, A., & Takeuchi, O. (2010) · Cited by 12
Tsuboi, N., & Francis, W. S. (2020) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2020.104155 · Cited by 11
My Ideal Vocabulary Teaching Course
Nation, P. (2013) · doi:10.4324/9780203847855-9 · Cited by 10
Does copying idioms promote their recall?
Stengers, H., Deconinck, J., Boers, F., & Eyckmans, J. (2014) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2014.937723 · Cited by 10
EEG-Based Prediction of Successful Memory Formation During Vocabulary Learning
Kang, T., Chen, Y., Fazli, S., & Wallraven, C. (2020) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2020.3023116 · Cited by 9
Festman, J. (2018) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2018.00026 · Cited by 9
Dong, Y., Hu, J., Wu, X., Zheng, H., & Peng, X. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01914 · Cited by 13
Ma, Q. (2015) · Porta Linguarum Revista Interuniversitaria de Didáctica de las Lenguas Extranjeras · doi:10.30827/digibug.53762 · Cited by 8
THOMSON, H. E., Boers, F., & Coxhead, A. (2017) · Language Teaching · doi:10.1017/s0261444817000374 · Cited by 6
Reactivating EFL Learners' Word Knowledge by Means of Two Techniques: Flashcards versus Wordlists
Mohammadnejad, S., Nikdel, H., & Oroujlou, N. (2012) · International Journal of Linguistics · doi:10.5296/ijl.v4i4.2913 · Cited by 9
Marashi, H., & Azarmi, A. (2012) · Journal of Second Language Teaching & Research (University of Central Lancashire) · Cited by 6
Learning vocabulary in a foreign language: A computer software based model attempt
Yilmaz, Y. Y. (2015) · DergiPark (Istanbul University) · Cited by 6
Explicit Vocabulary Instruction: Using a Word List to Focus Attention
Benthuysen, R. V. (2001) · 文京学院大学外国語学部文京学院短期大学紀要 · Cited by 6
Is Reading Aloud Beneficial for Korean College-level English Learners?
유경아 (2015) · Studies in English Language & Literature · doi:10.21559/aellk.2015.41.1.014 · Cited by 6
Varela, M. A. (2020) · Cronfa (Swansea University) · doi:10.23889/suthesis.53503 · Cited by 6
Analysis of smartphone-based flashcard apps for second language vocabulary acquisition
Kaitsu, T., & Nakata, T. (2025) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2025.2481396 · Cited by 10
(2013) · In Practice · doi:10.1136/inp.f3851 · Cited by 5
Turkish EFL learners’ lexical competence and performance
Çakmak, C. T., & Merç, A. (2021) · Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies · doi:10.17263/jlls.904092 · Cited by 5
BILINGUAL LEXICAL REPRESENTATION AND PROCESSING: EVIDENCE FROM MASKED PRIMING STUDIES
Wang, X. (2007) · UA Campus Repository (The University of Arizona) · Cited by 5
The Teaching and Learning of Lexical Chunks: A Comparison of Receptive and Productive Practice
Golebiewska, P., & Jones, C. (2018) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781316443118.007 · Cited by 7
Castellano-Risco, I. (2019) · The Journal of English Studies · doi:10.18172/jes.3779 · Cited by 4
Recall Efficacy in EFL Learning
Makarchuk, D. W. (2018) · English Teaching · doi:10.15858/engtea.73.2.201806.115 · Cited by 4
Spacing, Feedback, and Testing Boost Vocabulary Learning in a Web Application
Belardi, A., Pedrett, S., Rothen, N., & Reber, T. P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.757262 · Cited by 4
Webb, S. (2018) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781119261650.ch21 · Cited by 4
Bilingual proficiency effects in paired-associate learning of vocabulary in an unfamiliar language
Francis, W. S., & Nájera, O. I. (2024) · Bilingualism Language and Cognition · doi:10.1017/s1366728924000130 · Cited by 3
Ertürk, Z. Ö. (2017) · Eurasian Journal of Applied Linguistics · doi:10.32601/ejal.460964 · Cited by 3
Healy, A. F., Schneider, V. I., & Kole, J. A. (2025) · Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.3390/bs15050692 · Cited by 3
Yanagisawa, A. (2016) · doi:10.20806/katejournal.30.0_139 · Cited by 2
A BILINGUAL GLOSSARY FOR IELTS BAND 5
Serrano, M. (2009) · Elia · Cited by 2
Alastuey, M. C. B., & García, D. N. (2020) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 2
Re-examining the effects of word writing on vocabulary learning
Webb, S., & Piasecki, A. E. (2020) · Benjamins current topics · doi:10.1075/bct.109.itl.00007.web · Cited by 2
Golebiewska, P. (2013) · CLOK (University of Central Lancashire) · Cited by 2
Research into practice: Vocabulary
Nation, P. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12552143.v1 · Cited by 2
An interlanguage study of L2 perception and production of english word stress by L1 Thai learners.
Jaiprasong, S. (2019) · Chula Digiverse · doi:10.58837/chula.the.2019.216 · Cited by 2
Lai, S.-L., Hsu, H.-L., & Yang, H.-H. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-51447-0_293-1 · Cited by 3
The Effects of Pre-learning Vocabulary on Reading Comprehension and Writing
Webb, S. (2009) · Canadian Modern Language Review/ La Revue canadienne des langues vivantes · doi:10.3138/cmlr.65.3.441b · Cited by 100
Impact of Vocabulary Learning Tasks on Communicative Gains of Advanced EFL Learners of Persian
Esfahani, F. R. (2012) · American Journal of Economics · doi:10.5923/j.economics.20120001.04 · Cited by 1
Momeni, S., & Eghtesadi, A. R. (2014) · DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) · Cited by 1
Lee, E.-H., & 박매란 (2018) · Journal of the Korea English Education Society · doi:10.18649/jkees.2018.17.2.75 · Cited by 1
THE EFFECT OF TWO TASK TYPES ON LEARNING ENGLISH WORDS AND IDIOMS
Behzadi, A., & Nezhad, G. R. H. P. (2014) · RePEc: Research Papers in Economics · Cited by 1
A Study on the Input and Output of Vocabulary Teaching Based on Noticing Theory
Pei, A., & Lin, Y. (2020) · Studies in English Language Teaching · doi:10.22158/selt.v8n2p123 · Cited by 2
Supporting Foreign Language Vocabulary Learning Through Kinect-Based Gaming
Ürün, M. F., Aksoy, H., & Comez, R. (2018) · IGI Global eBooks · doi:10.4018/978-1-5225-7663-1.ch070 · Cited by 1
A Proposal of Programming Learning System with Reading Aloud "ONDOKU"
Ueda, M., Ishikawa, N., Odagiri, K., Kasuga, H., & Tanaka, T. (2022) · IIAI International Congress on Advanced Applied Informatics (IIAI-AAI) · doi:10.1109/iiaiaai55812.2022.00059 · Cited by 1
Basic study on the effectiveness of reading aloud in learning programming languages
Ueda, M., Kasuga, H., & Tanaka, T. (2022) · Nippon Onkyo Gakkaishi/Acoustical science and technology/Nihon Onkyo Gakkaishi · doi:10.1250/ast.44.33 · Cited by 1
(2022) · Research methods in applied linguistics · doi:10.1075/rmal.2.c4 · Cited by 1
Antle, J. (2015) · Aston Publications Explorer (Aston University) · doi:10.48780/publications.aston.ac.uk.00027579 · Cited by 1
L’apprentissage du vocabulaire: l’apprentissage simple opposé à la méthode de combinaison
Verbraak, M. (2013) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University) · Cited by 1
Investigating the Effects of Learning Tasks on Vocabulary Knowledge
Webb, S. A. (2021) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.16945963 · Cited by 18
Investigating The Effects Of Word Pairs On Word Knowledge
Rahman, A., & Afiqah, N. (2011)
L'apprentissage du vocabulaire
Verbraak, M. (2012) · Utrecht University Repository (Utrecht University)
Shahbazy, G., & Oghli, H. S. (2015) · Studies in English Language Teaching · doi:10.22158/selt.v3n2p153
The Effects of Learning from Word Pairs on Word Knowledge
Shamsudin, S., & Rahman, N. A. A. (2015) · SHS Web of Conferences · doi:10.1051/shsconf/20151805003
Esfahani, F. R., Biria, R., Haghverdi, H. R., Azad, I., & University-Khorasghan Branch (2012)
Gazerani, F., Ammar, A., & Montésinos‐Gelet, I. (2015) · Language in Focus · doi:10.1515/lifijsal-2015-0008 · Cited by 1
The Effects of Receptive vs. Productive Vocabulary Instruction: A Meta-analysis
안효선, & Min, C. K. (2011) · Journal of the Korea English Education Society · doi:10.18649/jkees.2011.10.2.1
What is the most effective second language vocabulary learning method?Preprint
Moy, J. H., & Rickard, T. C. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/rpc4h
Mueller, C. M. (2018) · Vocabulary Learning and Instruction · doi:10.7820/vli.v07.1.mueller
Nation, P. (2020) · doi:10.26686/wgtn.12552167
Metadata
- Authors
- Griffin, G., & Harley, T. A.
- Affiliations
- Bournemouth University (GB)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Griffin, Gerry
- ORCID
- Harley, Trevor A.
- Venue
- Applied Psycholinguistics
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 1996-10
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 443-460
- ISSN
- 0142-7164 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1817
- OpenAlex
- W1996516627
- Cited by
- 129
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2022: 28 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 11 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 4 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 5 · 2013: 6 · 2012: 7
- FWCI
- 0.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Applied Psycholinguistics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Second Language Acquisition and Learning
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › EFL/ESL Teaching and Learning
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Developmental and Educational Psychology › Reading and Literacy Development
- Keywords
- second language vocabulary acquisition, list learning, word pairs, bilingual lexicons, French as a second language, presentation order, bilingual adolescents
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review