Stigma and mental disorder: Conceptions of illness, public attitudes, personal disclosure, and social policy
Abstract
The end of the last millennium witnessed an unprecedented degree of public awareness regarding mental disorder as well as motivation for policy change. Like Sartorius, we contend that the continued stigmatization of mental illness may well be the central issue facing the field, as nearly all attendant issues (e.g., standards of care, funding for basic and applied research efforts) emanate from professional, societal, and personal attitudes towards persons with aberrant behavior. We discuss empirical and narrative evidence for stigmatization as well as historical trends regarding conceptualizations of mental illness, including the field's increasing focus on genetic and neurobiological causes and determinants of mental disorder. We next define stigma explicitly, noting both the multiple levels (community, societal, familial, individual) through which stigma operates to dehumanize and delegitimize individuals with mental disorders and the impact of stigma across development. Key developmental psychopathology principles are salient in this regard. We express concern over the recent oversimplification of mental illness as “brain disorder,” supporting instead transactional models which account for the dynamic interplay of genes, neurobiology, environment, and self across development and which are consistent with both compassion and societal responsibility. Finally, we consider educational and policy-related initiatives regarding the destigmatization of mental disorder. We conclude that attitudes and policy regarding mental disorder reflect, in microcosmic form, two crucial issues for the next century and millennium: (a) tolerance for diversity (vs. pressure for conformity) and (b) intentional direction of our species' evolution, given fast-breaking genetic advances.
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Reluctance of many at-risk people, especially men, to avail themselves of treatment due to stigma and social norms is a major problem in suicide prevention.
“Major problems in suicide prevention are the paucity of specialized mental health services and the reluctance of many at-risk people, especially men, to avail themselves of treatment due to stigma [91] and social norms [92].”
From A systematic review of social factors and suicidal behavior in older adulthood (2012) · cites this paper as [91]
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- Authors
- HINSHAW, S. P., & CICCHETTI, D.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of Rochester (US)
- Venue
- Development and Psychopathology
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2000-12
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 555-598
- ISSN
- 0954-5794 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-2198
- OpenAlex
- W2136434200
- Cited by
- 311
- References
- 8
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 10 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 32
- FWCI
- 5.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Development and Psychopathology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (MH 45064, MH45027, MH50461, U01MH050461)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Mental Health Treatment and Access
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychology and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Philosophy › Mental Health and Psychiatry
- Keywords
- mental health stigma, self-disclosure, mental health policy, conceptualization of mental illness, transactional model, developmental psychopathology, stigma reduction, dehumanization, social responsibility, genetic advance
- MeSH terms
- Attitude to Health, Mental Disorders, Deinstitutionalization, Humans, Mental Health Services, Prejudice, Public Policy, Self Disclosure, Stereotyping
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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