Depression and anxiety predict sex-specific cortisol responses to interpersonal stress
Abstract
Clinical theories posit interpersonal stress as an important factor in the emergence and exacerbation of depression and anxiety, while neuroendocrine research confirms the association of these syndromes with dysregulation in a major stress response system, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. However, the proposal that depression and anxiety symptoms and diagnoses are associated with problematic HPA responses to close relationship stress has not been directly tested. We examined 196 heterosexual dating couples' depression and anxiety symptoms and diagnoses, assessed with questionnaires and diagnostic interviews, in relation to cortisol responses to discussion of an unresolved relationship conflict. Participants provided seven salivary samples in anticipation of and directly following the discussion, and throughout an hour-long recovery period, which were assayed for cortisol. Multilevel models of the HPA response predicted by symptoms or diagnoses showed that women's depressive symptoms predicted attenuated cortisol levels, with a flatter response curve. In contrast, men's depression symptoms and women's anxiety symptoms and diagnoses predicted higher cortisol levels. These findings highlight the importance of examining sex differences in responses to interpersonal stressors for understanding HPA dysregulation in internalizing psychopathology.
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“Also, decreased venous blood basophil counts and increased fragmented neutrophils were observed in patients with MDD and higher levels of anxiety [66].”
From Patients with anxious depression: overview of prevalence, pathophysiology and impact on course and treatment outcome (2018) · cites this paper as [66]
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- Authors
- Powers, S. I., Laurent, H. K., Gunlicks-Stoessel, M., Balaban, S., & Bent, E.
- Affiliations
- University of Massachusetts Amherst (US)
- Corresponding author
- Powers, Sally I.
- Venue
- Psychoneuroendocrinology
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2016-07
- Volume
- 69
- Pages
- 172-179
- ISSN
- 0306-4530 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2337939374
- Cited by
- 71
- References
- 56
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 9 · 2016: 3 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 5.33
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Psychoneuroendocrinology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Attachment and Relationship Dynamics
- Keywords
- depression, anxiety, cortisol, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, interpersonal stress, relationship conflict, sex differences, salivary cortisol, internalizing psychopathology, couples, stress response
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Circadian Rhythm, Depression, Depressive Disorder, Female, Humans, Hydrocortisone, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Interpersonal Relations, Male, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Surveys and Questionnaires, Saliva, Sex Characteristics, Sex Factors, Stress, Psychological, Young Adult
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