Buying-shopping disorder—is there enough evidence to support its inclusion in ICD-11?
Open accessAbstract
The phenomenon of buying-shopping disorder (BSD) was described over 100 years ago. Definitions of BSD refer to extreme preoccupation with shopping and buying, to impulses to purchase that are experienced as irresistible, and to recurrent maladaptive buying excesses that lead to distress and impairments. Efforts to stop BSD episodes are unsuccessful, despite the awareness of repeated break-downs in self-regulation, experiences of post-purchase guilt and regret, comorbid psychiatric disorders, reduced quality of life, familial discord, work impairment, financial problems, and other negative consequences. A recent meta-analysis indicated an estimated point prevalence of BSD of 5%. In this narrative review, the authors offer a perspective to consider BSD as a mental health condition and to classify this disorder as a behavioral addiction, based on both research data and on long-standing clinical experience.
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Depression and social anxiety are psychopathological correlates of buying-shopping disorder.
“Psychopathological correlates, in particular depression and social anxiety, have been reported repeatedly for gambling (Dowling et al., 2017), gaming (Männikkö et al., 2017), unspeci fi ed internet-use (Ho et al., 2014), and buying-shopping (Müller et al., 2019) disorders”
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Self-citationA taxonomy of technology design features that promote potentially addictive online behaviours
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Self-citationBehavioral neuroscience of buying-shopping disorder: a review
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Self-citationStress and Compulsive Buying-Shopping Disorder: A Scoping Review
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- Authors
- Müller, A., Brand, M., Claes, L., Demetrovics, Z., de Zwaan, M., Fernández-Aranda, F., Frost, R. O., Jimenez-Murcia, S., Lejoyeux, M., Steins-Loeber, S., Mitchell, J. E., Moulding, R., Nedeljkovic, M., Trotzke, P., Weinstein, A., & Kyrios, M.
- Affiliations
- Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (DE)
- Erwin L. Hahn Institute for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (DE)
- University of Antwerp (BE)
- Eötvös Loránd University (HU)
- Smith College (US)
- Université Paris Diderot (FR)
- Neuropsychiatric Research Institute (US)
- Deakin University (AU)
- Swinburne University of Technology (AU)
- University of Duisburg-Essen (DE)
- Ariel University (IL)
- Flinders University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Müller, Astrid
- ORCID
- Venue
- CNS Spectrums
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2019-01-03
- Volume
- 24
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 374-379
- ISSN
- 1092-8529 (ISSN-L)
- 2165-6509
- OpenAlex
- W2908161254
- Cited by
- 155
- References
- 6
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 26 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 22 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 3
- FWCI
- 24.27
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- CNS Spectrums (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lirias (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Smith ScholarWorks (Smith College) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Swinburne figshare (Swinburne University of Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Business, Management and Accounting › Marketing › Consumer Retail Behavior Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Gambling Behavior and Treatments
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Obsessive-Compulsive Spectrum Disorders
- Keywords
- ICD-11, behavioral addiction, compulsive buying, diagnostic classification, comorbidities, financial problems, quality of life
- MeSH terms
- Compulsive Behavior, Consumer Behavior, Humans, Disruptive, Impulse Control, and Conduct Disorders, Mental Health, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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