The DOI matches its Crossref record; 35 of the 35 references it cites were found in a registry or an index; none of the 36 sources its claims cite is checked for support yet.
Socially anxious primary care patients' attitudes toward cognitive bias modification (CBM): A qualitative study
Open accessAbstract
Background:Cognitive bias modification (CBM) is a novel treatment for anxiety disorders that utilizes computerized tasks to train attention and interpretation biases away from threat. To date, attitudes toward and acceptability of CBM have not been systematically examined.Method:We conducted qualitative interviews with 10 anxious primary care patients to examine attitudes toward and initial impressions of CBM. Interviews explored general impressions, as well as reactions to the treatment rationale and two computer programs, one targeting attention bias and one targeting interpretation bias. Three clinical psychologists independently coded transcripts and collaboratively developed categories and themes guided by grounded theory.Results:A number of facilitators and barriers emerged related to engaging in treatment in general, computerized treatment, and CBM specifically. Participants stated that the written rationale for CBM seemed relevant and helpful. However, after interacting with the attention modification program, participants frequently expressed a lack of understanding about how the program would help with anxiety. Participants reported greater understanding and engagement with the interpretation modification program.Conclusions:Participants reported a number of positive characteristics of CBM, but it may need improvements regarding its treatment rationale and credibility. Future qualitative studies with individuals who complete a CBM treatment are warranted. Implications for future CBM development and dissemination are discussed.
Overview
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This qualitative study interviewed 10 socially anxious primary care patients about cognitive bias modification (CBM) after a brief rationale and demonstration. Participants saw positives in CBM but often lacked understanding of how the attention-bias task would help anxiety, while they reported greater understanding and engagement with the interpretation-bias task.
Key findings
- Participants identified facilitators and barriers to engaging in treatment in general, computerized treatment, and CBM specifically; the written CBM rationale seemed relevant and helpful, but after trying the attention modification program, many expressed a lack of understanding about how it would help with anxiety.
- Participants preferred the interpretation modification program (CBM-I) over the attention modification program (CBM-A), finding CBM-I more intuitive, fun, and engaging; CBM-A was more often called “weird,” “repetitive and boring,” “frustrating,” and “aggravating.”
- Most participants described the CBM tasks as “easy” and “straightforward,” and most found the commonly used protocol of eight sessions over four weeks acceptable, though some thought more sessions would be needed to reverse longstanding habits.
- A significant theme was the need to understand CBM: participants asked “what was the point of that?” and stated “people need to know why they’re doing something,” especially regarding the CBM-A task.
Methods
- Qualitative interview study with 10 anxious primary care patients recruited from one medium-sized family medicine practice; inclusion required age 18+, clinic patient, LSAS total score ≥ 30, no active psychosis or mania, and English literacy. Of 26 screened, 7 were not socially anxious, 9 did not participate, and 10 completed the interview.
- Semi-structured individual interviews lasted 37 to 57 minutes (M = 46.5, SD = 7.72); participants read a brief CBM rationale, completed brief demonstrations of a CBM-A dot-probe task and a CBM-I task, and discussed impressions.
- Three clinical psychologists independently coded verbatim transcripts using iterative grounded theory, discussed themes collaboratively, and determined saturation after 10 interviews.
Limitations
- Stated: the sample was modest and from one location, lacked ethnic diversity, comprised volunteers, and 9 of 10 had received prior mental health treatment; findings may not generalize to anxious primary care patients who avoid such interactions, to other disorders targeted by CBM, or beyond initial impressions after a brief demonstration rather than completed treatment.
- Stated: participants’ hypothetical beliefs about what they may desire should be interpreted cautiously because attitudes do not always correlate with actual behavior.
- Evident: the Principal Investigator conducted the interviews and had a priori beliefs that participants would find the tasks boring and unusual, which may have influenced interview dynamics, though independent coding and consensus procedures were used.
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Claims the paper makes
83 Own result · 24 Not checked yet · 16 Own interpretation · 11 Own method · 6 No basis given
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, after interacting with the attention modification program, participants frequently expressed a lack of understanding about how the program would help with anxiety.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants stated that the written rationale for CBM seemed relevant and helpful.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Results
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants specifically identified social anxiety symptoms as a barrier.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward new treatment for anxiety
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A significant theme emerged around participants’ need to understand CBM.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants believed a computer would be helpful because they currently use computers to relax.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward computerized treatment for anxiety
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some participants preferred the CBM-I task by default because the CBM-A task was “a little more strange.””
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, despite these negative reactions, most participants still preferred the CBM-I task.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most participants cited advantages of a controlled setting.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward computerized treatment for anxiety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“a lack of credibility of a computer treatment emerged as a barrier.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward computerized treatment for anxiety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“many participants discussed feelings of being an outcast or abnormal in relation to seeking treatment.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward new treatment for anxiety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 41
- Probably not a substantial claim. 43
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants reported greater understanding and engagement with the interpretation modification program.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Results
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Compared to the CBM-A task, participants found CBM-I to be more fun and more engaging”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants believed that anxiety symptoms might prevent people from seeking treatment.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward new treatment for anxiety
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They noted that most people do not like to feel like they did something wrong.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most comments related to a hypothetical dislike (e.g., “some people aren’t into computers”), but one participant expressed a personal discomfort with computers.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward computerized treatment for anxiety
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Eight participants reported regular computer use and familiarity, while two participants reported infrequent or limited computer use.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward computerized treatment for anxiety
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants thought the CBM-I task “was a little more stressful… wanting to be correct”.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants stated that “people need to know why they’re doing something.””
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants stated that computerized treatments may be particularly helpful for people with social anxiety or who have “trouble talking or expressing themselves.””
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward computerized treatment for anxiety
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Of the 26 individuals who were screened for initial eligibility, seven were not socially anxious, and nine did not participate (unable to contact (n=6), unable to schedule (n=2), not interested (n=1)). The remaining 10 participants met the study inclusion criteria and completed the interview”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Method > Participants and Recruitment
plainn = 26- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Several participants asked “what was the point of that?” or stated “I don’t understand what it is doing.””
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Most participants felt that the rationale provided made sense and seemed relevant to their experience with anxiety.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants reported using computers for work, playing games, and looking up information, including medical information.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward computerized treatment for anxiety
plainn = 8- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants also believed that going to an office would prevent procrastination about completing the treatment and allow for better engagement”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward computerized treatment for anxiety
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants liked the idea of a new treatment that took a different approach from established therapies and expressed a desire for non-pharmacologic interventions.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward new treatment for anxiety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“They stated that many people have difficulty admitting something is “wrong” or “negative” about themselves.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward new treatment for anxiety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Some participants had not “really thought of a computer program helping out with that” and could not “imagine how it could help.””
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward computerized treatment for anxiety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Others stated that they currently use computers to seek medical information”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward computerized treatment for anxiety
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“One participant noted that “you’re really evaluated” by the CBM-I task.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
plainSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants found the tasks enjoyable and compared the program to a game or puzzle.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“While most participants understood the need for repetition to reverse a habit, many still did not think they would complete such a repetitive treatment.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This participant thought that conscious awareness of the programs’ training contingencies might detract from its effect.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“although most participants wanted to understand specifically how CBM works, most stated that, due to curiosity and hope, they would still try CBM if they did not know the mechanism of action.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“one participant believed that naiveté about how CBM works may be critical.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
hedgedconditionalSingle case- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“primary care patients’ quotes expressed both positive and negative attitudes toward CBM and suggest important areas for refinement.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“some participants also believed that more sessions would be needed to reverse longstanding habits.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“most participants found the program to be easy and amusing, but some found it boring and strange.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“while there were negative reactions to the CBM-I task, participants preferred this task because it was more intuitive and engaging.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants thought the programs might work on an “unconscious level” to “reprogram” their brains.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants also believed that they would engage in a treatment “for as long as it took” to achieve results.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“several participants noted the implicit nature of the programs.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Results > Attitudes toward CBM
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Whereas some participants found the CBM tasks to be boring and strange, others found them to be straightforward and engaging.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“CBM treatment involves computer tasks that directly modify a specific cognitive vulnerability to anxiety via repeated practice on a cognitive task.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants reported a number of positive characteristics of CBM, but it may need improvements regarding its treatment rationale and credibility.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Cognitive bias modification (CBM) is a novel treatment for anxiety disorders that utilizes computerized tasks to train attention and interpretation biases away from threat.”
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
“Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) is a novel treatment for anxiety that is garnering increasing interest (Beard, 2011).”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Objectives
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beard, 2011
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
- Also stated in: § Conclusions · plain
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, new treatments that are efficacious, easily disseminated, and more acceptable are needed.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Similar promising findings have been obtained with initial trials of CBM-I in individuals with high trait anxiety (Mathews, Ridgeway, Cook, & Yiend, 2007), socially anxious individuals (Beard & Amir, 2008), and individuals with GAD or SAD (Beard, Weisberg, & Amir, in press; Brosan, Hoppitt, Shelfer, Sillence, & Mackintosh, 2011).”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mathews, Ridgeway, Cook, & Yiend, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Beard & Amir, 2008
- Not checked yetcites Beard, Weisberg, & Amir, in press
plainconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, a number of clinical trials suggest that CBM may be an efficacious treatment for anxiety disorders.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Patients seek treatment first from primary care providers, and are more likely to receive treatment in primary care settings compared to mental health settings (Harman, Rollman, Hanusa, Lenze, & Shear, 2002).”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harman, Rollman, Hanusa, Lenze, & Shear, 2002
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“It also may be a more acceptable treatment as it requires less time investment than current psychotherapies and lacks side effects associated with medication.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, social anxiety may be associated with unique barriers to seeking treatment due to the nature of the disorder (e.g., fear of talking to authorities) that may be overcome by CBM, a computerized treatment that does not require clinician administration.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The LSAS has strong psychometric properties (Fresco, Coles, & Heimberg, 2001; Heimberg, Horner, & Juster, 1999) and a total score of 30 has shown good sensitivity and specificity for classifying participants with SAD (Rytwinski et al., 2009).”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Method > Measures
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fresco, Coles, & Heimberg, 2001
- Not checked yetcites Heimberg, Horner, & Juster, 1999
- Not checked yetcites Rytwinski et al., 2009
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“First, CBM is computerized; thus, it can be delivered in most settings, including patients’ homes and on-line, and in a highly reliable manner across settings.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Administration of CBM is straightforward, requiring little to no technical knowledge or clinician assistance, making it an easy stepped care, adjunct, or stand-alone treatment that could be delivered via the internet, schools, and primary care settings.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“To our knowledge, no published studies have systematically and qualitatively examined attitudes toward CBM, nor have any studies examined attitudes at the time of initial presentation of the treatment.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: unclear — It is unclear why the paper says it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“However, participants in that trial were on a waiting list for cognitive therapy, and thus we do not know the effect of participants’ expectancy for further treatment on attrition.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brosan et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Moreover, an understanding of this population’s attitudes toward CBM is important because SAD is among the most common psychiatric disorders (Kessler et al., 2005), and many of these individuals do not access existing treatments (Olfson et al., 2000).”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Kessler et al., 2005
- Not checked yetcites Olfson et al., 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper states this without a source or data behind it here, so there is nothing to check it against. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We chose to examine this issue in socially anxious individuals because most of the existing CBM treatments were developed for SAD, and thus, CBM’s efficacy has been demonstrated most strongly for social anxiety to date.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“However, all participants self-selected to participate in a research study on a computerized treatment, and studies provided participants compensation for attending sessions.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Participants reported that the CBM-A task was ‘boring’; however, they found the CBM-I task to be helpful in stopping them from jumping to negative conclusions.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brosan et al.
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Thus, CBM treatments may alter cognitive biases through a more implicit, experiential process compared to the explicit, verbal process of psychotherapy.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Studies testing CBM in non-anxious and analogue samples suggest that CBM protocols are efficacious in modifying cognitive biases associated with a wide range of psychopathology, e.g., general and social anxiety (see Beard, 2011; Hakamata et al., 2010 for reviews), obsessive-compulsive symptoms (Najmi & Amir, 2010), alcohol use (Field & Eastwood, 2005), and eating disorders (Smith & Rieger, 2009).”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Beard, 2011
- Not checked yetcites Hakamata et al., 2010
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“Anxiety disorders are highly prevalent in primary care (e.g., Stein, McQuaid, Laffaye, & McCahill, 1999).”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Stein, McQuaid, Laffaye, & McCahill, 1999
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Between group effect sizes (0.35 to 1.59) for CBM were solidly in the range of existing treatments for these disorders.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“To date, CBM protocols have most often targeted attention bias, i.e., the tendency to selectively attend to threat-relevant information (CBM-A) (e.g., MacLeod et al., 2002), and interpretation bias, i.e., the tendency to interpret stimuli in a negative or threatening manner (CBM-I) (e.g., Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000).”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites MacLeod et al., 2002
- Not checked yetcites Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“A recent open trial did not compensate participants and obtained a similar attrition rate of 8% (Brosan et al., 2011).”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brosan et al., 2011
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“As compared to post-treatment assessment, initial impressions may be more informative about potential consumer uptake of CBM.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: fails — The paper may give no reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper may give no reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Finally, the computerized and standardized delivery of CBM makes it a potentially ideal treatment for primary care.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Abstract > Conclusions
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“All three coders are clinical psychologists.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Method > Coders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“In order to ensure the scientific rigor and trustworthiness of the qualitative analysis, we conducted an iterative analysis guided by grounded theory (Glaser, 1967), encouraged extensive discussion of themes among coders, explored alternative codes, and conducted independent checks by each coder.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Method > Analyses
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Glaser, 1967
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“R.B.W. and J.P. had no a priori expectations regarding participant attitudes.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Method > Coders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Due to her extensive experience administering CBM protocols in previous studies, C.B. had a priori beliefs about participant attitudes. Specifically, she expected participants would find the tasks boring and unusual.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Method > Coders
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We continued this process until all raters agreed upon the final themes and quotations within each theme.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Method > Analyses
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“These findings converge with participant feedback in Brosan and colleagues’ study (2011), which also suggested that CBM is experienced as boring and that participants preferred the CBM-I task.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Brosan and colleagues’ study (2011)
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“our sample comprised primary care patients who volunteered to discuss treatment with a researcher.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Discussion
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we focused on socially anxious primary care patients attitudes toward CBM treatment for SAD.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Similar barriers also emerged, such as participants finding computerized treatments impersonal and boring, as well as participants having less confidence in the treatment (Mitchell & Gordon, 2007).”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Mitchell & Gordon, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the current findings can only speak to participants’ initial impressions of CBM after a brief demonstration, rather than to patient experiences with completing CBM as a treatment.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: Beliefs and attitudes do not always correlate with actual behavior.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we conducted interviews with a modest number of primary care patients from one location.”
§ Socially Anxious Primary Care Patients’ Attitudes toward Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM): A Qualitative Study > Discussion
plainn = 10- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
Current CBM protocols are extremely repetitive, requiring patients to complete hundreds of quick trials per session.
“First, current protocols are extremely repetitive, requiring patients to complete hundreds of quick trials (e.g., lasting less than one second) per session.”
The paper relies on this without support.
CBM protocols have low face validity and thus may be less credible than existing treatments.
“Additionally, CBM protocols have low face validity and thus may be less credible than existing treatments.”
The paper relies on this without support.
This study is the first to conduct a qualitative analysis of attitudes toward CBM.
“This study is the first to conduct a qualitative analysis of attitudes toward CBM.”
The paper relies on this without support.
CBM and CCBT have similar dissemination potential, such as stepped care and self-help.
“Given that CBM and CCBT have similar dissemination potential (e.g., stepped care, self-help)”
The paper relies on this without support.
Beliefs and attitudes do not always correlate with actual behavior.
“Beliefs and attitudes do not always correlate with actual behavior.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Previous CBM protocols have not informed participants about how CBM is designed to reduce anxiety.
“previous CBM protocols have not informed participants about how CBM is designed to reduce anxiety.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“Finally, numerous studies have shown that existing CBM programs are generally deemed acceptable and feasible addon treatments by clients and clinicians alike (Beard et al., 2012; Leung et al., 2019; Rozenman et al., 2011).”
From Acceptability and Co-Development of an Online Cognitive Bias Modification Intervention for Emerging Adults With Hazardous Alcohol Use and Social Anxiety: A Mixed Methods Study (2020) · cites this paper as Beard et al., 2012
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe source backs part of the claim, not all of it — or backs it for a different population, condition or comparison.
In the citing paper
“This is contrary to previous literature which found CBM-I to be impersonal [6].”
From A qualitative study of the acceptability of cognitive bias modification for paranoia (CBM-pa) in patients with psychosis (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“While relatively small in number, this sample size is in line with those used in previous CBM acceptability studies (Beard et al., 2012; Lisk et al., 2018) and the data collected provides sufficient insight from key stakeholder groups for refinement of the program.”
From Acceptability and Co-Development of an Online Cognitive Bias Modification Intervention for Emerging Adults With Hazardous Alcohol Use and Social Anxiety: A Mixed Methods Study (2020) · cites this paper as Beard et al., 2012
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“To the best of our knowledge, only two qualitative studies to date have examined patients’ subjective experience of CBM, focussing on social anxiety [6, 17].”
From A qualitative study of the acceptability of cognitive bias modification for paranoia (CBM-pa) in patients with psychosis (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“Prior studies that simultaneously investigate the acceptability of CBM-A and CBM-I in anxiety disorders indicate that CBM-I is generally perceived as a logical and helpful procedure while CBM-A was reported to be repetitive and hard to remain engaged with [6, 7].”
From A qualitative study of the acceptability of cognitive bias modification for paranoia (CBM-pa) in patients with psychosis (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“but in Beard’s study [6], CBM was perceived to be less credible after participants experienced the trial.”
From A qualitative study of the acceptability of cognitive bias modification for paranoia (CBM-pa) in patients with psychosis (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“This converged with Beard’s findings [6], in which participants felt the need to understand the purpose and relevance of the task to their anxiety.”
From A qualitative study of the acceptability of cognitive bias modification for paranoia (CBM-pa) in patients with psychosis (2019) · cites this paper as [6]
In the citing paper
“Apart from mixed findings with the dot-probe training task (e.g., Heeren, Mogoas ¸e, Philippot, & McNally, 2015), qualitative studies suggest that credibility and acceptability of this type of attention training is quite low, as participants find it boring and miss a clear rationale (Beard, Weisberg, & Primack, 2011;Brosan, Hoppitt, Shelfer, Sillence, & Mackintosh, 2011).”
From Online attentional bias modification training targeting anxiety and depression in unselected adolescents: short- and long-term effects of a randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as Beard, Weisberg, & Primack, 2011
In the citing paper
“Motivation for online training appears to be low in unselected adolescents, which is not surprising given the low levels of distress and the repetitive nature of the training tasks (Beard et al., 2011).”
From Online attentional bias modification training targeting anxiety and depression in unselected adolescents: short- and long-term effects of a randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as Beard et al., 2011
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BackgroundPsychometric properties of the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale
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“…have most often targeted attention bias, i.e., the tendency to selectively attend to threat-relevant information (CBM-A) (e.g., MacLeod et al., 2002), and interpretation bias, i.e., the tendency to interpret stimuli in a negative or threatening manner (CBM-I) (e.g., Mathews & Mackintosh, 2000).”
BackgroundAttention training for generalized social anxiety disorder
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“In anxiety, a similar conclusion was reached on the basis of qualitative interviews (Beard et al., 2011).”
BackgroundEberl, C., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Pawelczack, S., Rinck, M., Becker, E. S., & Lindenmeyer, J. (2012) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2012.11.002 · Cited by 455
“Even though Wiers et al. (2011) showed that a sham-training did not lead to significant outcome improvement, some level of motivation to closely follow instructions may be important for success (for a related discussion on adding CBM to existing treatments for anxiety, see Beard et al., 2011).”
Clinical Efficacy of Attentional Bias Modification Procedures: An Updated Meta-Analysis
Mogoaşe, C., David, D. O., & Koster, E. H. W. (2014) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.22081 · Cited by 386
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The effects of gamification on computerized cognitive training: Systematic review and meta-analysis
Vermeir, J. F., White, M. J., Johnson, D., Crombez, G., & Van Ryckeghem, D. M. L. (2020) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/18644 · Cited by 172
“Indeed, while several studies have indicated that participants experience traditional cognitive training tasks as monotonous and boring [4,5], more research is needed to evaluate participants’ perceptions and readiness for gamification before determining whether it should be implemented.”
BackgroundBoffo, M., Zerhouni, O., Gronau, Q. F., van Beek, R. J. J., Nikolaou, K., Marsman, M., & Wiers, R. W. (2019) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-018-9386-4 · Cited by 146
Implementation of Approach Bias Re-Training in Alcoholism-How Many Sessions are Needed?
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“Following this seminal study, CBM has been applied to clinical populations, with positive findings in anxiety (e.g., Amir et al., 2009; Beard et al., 2011; Schmidt et al., 2009) and addiction (Eberl et al.”
MethodCognitive Bias Modification for adolescents with substance use problems – Can serious games help?
Boendermaker, W. J., Prins, P. J. M., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2015) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2015.03.008 · Cited by 103
“Moreover, subjects often have a hard time believing that a simple computer task such as CBM training can really help them control their substance use (Beard & Weisberg, 2012).”
Kuckertz, J. M., Amir, N., Boffa, J. W., Warren, C. K., Rindt, S. E. M., Norman, S. B., Ram, V., Ziajko, L. A., Webb-Murphy, J. A., & McLay, R. N. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2014.09.002 · Cited by 95
Effects of cognitive bias modification on social anxiety: A meta-analysis
Liu, H., Li, X., Han, B., & Liu, X. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0175107 · Cited by 106
“Additionally, a qualitative study about socially anxious individuals’ attitudes toward CBM found that participants reported greater understanding and engagement with the CBM-I program than with the ABM program [87].”
BackgroundMobini, S., Reynolds, S. A., & Mackintosh, B. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-012-9445-8 · Cited by 99
de Voogd, E. L., Wiers, R. W., Prins, P. J. M., de Jong, P. J., Boendermaker, W. J., Zwitser, R. J., & Salemink, E. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.018 · Cited by 83
Exploring elements of fun to motivate youth to do cognitive bias modification
Boendermaker, W. J., Boffo, M., & Wiers, R. W. (2015) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2015.0053 · Cited by 71
“However, performing such a task re-peatedly on a computer may hinder motivation to train and training adherence, 16 particularly with young adults.”
BackgroundAttentional Bias Modification With Serious Game Elements: Evaluating the Shots Game
Boendermaker, W. J., Maceiras, S. S., Boffo, M., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2016) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/games.6464 · Cited by 67
De Voogd, E. L., Wiers, R. W., & Salemink, E. (2017) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2017.02.006 · Cited by 60
“However, fi ndings in youth samples have been mixed (Cristea et al., 2015b) and subjective evaluations are quite negative, as participants experience the task as boring and miss a clear rationale (Beard, Weisberg, & Primack, 2011).”
Woud, M. L., & Becker, E. S. (2014) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-014-9605-0 · Cited by 62
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Machulska, A., Eiler, T. J., Kleinke, K., Grünewald, A., Brück, R., Jahn, K., Niehaves, B., & Klucken, T. (2021) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2021.103858 · Cited by 46
A randomized controlled trial of Web-based Attentional Bias Modification to help smokers quit.
Elfeddali, I., de Vries, H., Bolman, C. A. W., Pronk, T., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2016) · Health Psychology · doi:10.1037/hea0000346 · Cited by 55
“Previous studies (Beard, Weisberg, & Primack, 2012; Schoenmakers et al., 2010) showed that the large majority of respondents both in the active and in the control ABM conditions think that they have been assigned to a control group, which consequently may impede their motivation to participate.”
Alcohol Avoidance Training as a Mobile App for Problem Drinkers: Longitudinal Feasibility Study
Laurens, M. C., Pieterse, M. E., Brusse-Keizer, M. G. J., Salemink, E., Allouch, S. B., Bohlmeijer, E. T., & Postel, M. G. (2019) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/16217 · Cited by 38
“Other studies support this finding [20], which may mean that for the future development of similar tasks, explaining the reasoning and the importance of repeated training is crucial.”
BackgroundResultLisk, S. C., Pile, V., Haller, S. P. W., Kumari, V., & Lau, J. Y. F. (2018) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-018-9912-y · Cited by 37
Otkhmezuri, B., Boffo, M., Siriaraya, P., Matsangidou, M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Mackintosh, B., Ang, C. S., & Salemink, E. (2018) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/11517 · Cited by 42
“Participants who have undergone the training have reported it to be repetitive, boring, and monotonous [19,20].”
BackgroundResultCognitive Biases in Social Anxiety Disorder
Amir, N., & Bomyea, J. A. (2010) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-375096-9.00014-6 · Cited by 37
Vrijsen, J. N., Grafton, B., Koster, E. H. W., Lau, J. Y. F., Wittekind, C. E., Bar‐Haim, Y., Becker, E. S., Brotman, M. A., Joormann, J., Lazarov, A., et al. (2024) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2024.104557 · Cited by 42
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“Since some varieties of CBM have been perceived as boring and participants have trouble seeing how CBM could help them reduce their problems [32], special attention was given to the treatment rationale.”
BackgroundTraining Behavioral Control in Adolescents Using a Serious Game
Boendermaker, W. J., Veltkamp, R. C., & Peeters, M. (2017) · Games for Health Journal · doi:10.1089/g4h.2017.0071 · Cited by 33
Modification of Hostile Interpretation Bias in Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Smith, H. L., Dillon, K. H., & Cougle, J. R. (2017) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.001 · Cited by 31
Kuckertz, J. M., Schofield, C. A., Clerkin, E. M., Primack, J., Boettcher, H., Weisberg, R. B., Amir, N., & Beard, C. (2019) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465818000231 · Cited by 30
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Salemink, E., de Jong, S. R. C., Notebaert, L., MacLeod, C., & van Bockstaele, B. (2022) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2022.101727 · Cited by 25
Siriaraya, P., Visch, V., Boffo, M., Spijkerman, R., Wiers, R. W. H. J., Korrelboom, K., Hendriks, V. M., Salemink, E., van Dooren, M. M. M., Bas, M., et al. (2021) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/27953 · Cited by 28
“However, this type of intervention is generally perceived as repetitive and tedious as clients are requested to complete multiple training sessions [57].”
BackgroundApproach-Bias Retraining and Other Training Interventions as Add-On in the Treatment of AUD Patients
Wiers, R. W. H. J., Pan, T., Dessel, P. V., Rinck, M., & Lindenmeyer, J. (2023) · Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · doi:10.1007/7854_2023_421 · Cited by 31
Do smokers devaluate smoking cues after go/no-go training?
Scholten, H., Granic, I., Chen, Z., Veling, H., & Luijten, M. (2019) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2018.1554184 · Cited by 25
Wen, S., Larsen, H., Boffo, M., Grasman, R. P. P. P., Pronk, T., G., V. W. J. B., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2020) · JMIR Mental Health · doi:10.2196/16342 · Cited by 30
“…general, with indirect instructions, participants often have difficulties understanding how the training is relevant to their problem, which may threaten the credibility of the training [72] and may have led them to feel disappointed when perceiving that they were assigned to a sham treatment [73].”
Leung, C. J., Fosuaah, A., Frerichs, J., Heslin, M., Kabir, T., Lee, T. M. C., McGuire, P., Meek, C., Mouchlianitis, E., Nath, A. S., et al. (2019) · BMC Psychiatry · doi:10.1186/s12888-019-2215-3 · Cited by 20
Machulska, A., Eiler, T. J., Grünewald, A., Brück, R., Jahn, K., Niehaves, B., Ullrich, H., & Klucken, T. (2020) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-020-4098-5 · Cited by 20
The effects of a gamified approach avoidance training and verbal suggestions on food outcomes
Schakel, L., Veldhuijzen, D. S., van Middendorp, H., Dessel, P. V., Houwer, J. D., Rafael Bidarra, E., & Evers, A. W. M. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0201309 · Cited by 20
“Besides the lack of excitement that people often experience when completing approachavoidance interventions, it was shown that those interventions are often faced with a lack of perceived credibility towards the helpfulness of such interventions [11].”
BackgroundResultAbend, R., Naim, R., Pergamin‐Hight, L., Fox, N. A., Pine, D. S., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2018) · Research on Child and Adolescent Psychopathology · doi:10.1007/s10802-018-0494-7 · Cited by 24
“Prior research finds ABMT to be viewed by adult patients as boring (Beard et al. 2012).”
Heitmann, J., van Hemel-Ruiter, M. E., Huisman, M., Ostafin, B. D., Wiers, R. W. H. J., MacLeod, C., DeFuentes-Merillas, L., Fledderus, M., Markus, W., & de Jong, P. J. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252494 · Cited by 19
“One potential reason for this is that participants report such trainings to be boring [31, 32].”
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Cognitive Biases in Social Anxiety Disorder
Kuckertz, J. M., & Amir, N. (2014) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-394427-6.00016-9 · Cited by 23
Perfectly imperfect: The use of cognitive bias modification to reduce perfectionism
Dodd, D. R., Parsons, E. M., Clerkin, E. M., Forrest, L. N., Velkoff, E. A., Kunstman, J. W., & Smith, A. R. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.04.002 · Cited by 17
Development of a cognitive bias modification intervention for anxiety disorders in primary care
Weisberg, R. B., Gonsalves, M. A., Ramadurai, R., Braham, H., Fuchs, C. H., & Beard, C. (2021) · British Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1111/bjc.12281 · Cited by 19
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“This echoes the feedback provided in previous CBM acceptability studies (Beard et al., 2012; Leung et al., 2019).”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialVassilopoulos, S., & Brouzos, A. (2015) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-015-0194-7 · Cited by 16
A Preliminary Evaluation of Transferring the Approach Avoidance Task into Virtual Reality
Eiler, T. J., Grünewald, A., Machulska, A., Klucken, T., Jahn, K., Niehaves, B., Gethmann, C. F., & Brück, R. (2019) · Advances in intelligent systems and computing · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-23762-2_14 · Cited by 14
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Predictors of Symptom Outcome in Interpretation Bias Modification for Dysphoria
Smith, H. L., McDermott, K. A., Carlton, C. N., & Cougle, J. R. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2018.10.001 · Cited by 13
Vermeir, J. F., White, M. J., Johnson, D. M., Crombez, G., & Ryckeghem, D. M. L. V. (2021) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/32359 · Cited by 14
“Qualitative studies have indicated that participants experience dot-probe tasks as monotonous, repetitive, and boring [11,12].”
BackgroundMachulska, A., Kleinke, K., Eiler, T. J., Grünewald, A., Brück, R., Jahn, K., Niehaves, B., Gethmann, C. F., & Klucken, T. (2019) · Trials · doi:10.1186/s13063-019-3835-0 · Cited by 13
Falkenstein, M. J., Kelley, K. N., Dattolico, D., Kuckertz, J. M., Bezahler, A., Krompinger, J. W., Webb, C. A., & Beard, C. (2021) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2021.09.002 · Cited by 12
Self-citationGhosh, A., Agnihotri, J., Bhalotia, S., Sati, B. K., Agarwal, L., Akash, A., Tandon, S., Meena, K., Raj, S., Azad, Y., et al. (2023) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/37105 · Cited by 12
“CBM paradigms have been reported to be boring and repetitive [34-37].”
BackgroundUsing Serious Games to (Re)Train Cognition in Adolescents
Boendermaker, W. J., Peeters, M., Prins, P. J. M., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2017) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-51645-5_14 · Cited by 12
Nuijs, M. D., Larsen, H., Bögels, S. M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., & Salemink, E. (2019) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2019.101545 · Cited by 10
Verbeken, S., Boendermaker, W. J., Loeys, T., Moens, E., Goossens, L., Latomme, J., & Braet, C. (2018) · Behaviour Change · doi:10.1017/bec.2018.11 · Cited by 10
Krans, J., Bosmans, G., Salemink, E., & Raedt, R. D. (2019) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-019-10032-z · Cited by 13
Wolbers, R., Bode, C., Siemerink, E., Siesling, S., & Pieterse, M. E. (2020) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/18325 · Cited by 9
“Beard et al [18] studied attitudes toward CBM in patients with anxiety disorders.”
BackgroundCognitive bias modification in the treatment of addiction
Wiers, R. W. H. J., Zerhouni, O., den Uyl, T. E., & Boffo, M. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815298-0.00017-4 · Cited by 8
Facilitating Episodic Simulation in Anxiety: Role of Sensory Scaffolding and Scenario Modality
Ji, J., Meyer, M., & Teachman, B. (2020) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-020-00070-x · Cited by 7
“However, CBM treatment studies are not always effective, especially at reducing anxiety symptoms (Cristea et al. 2015), and there are problems with engagement as participants report the intervention to be boring (Beard et al. 2012).”
BackgroundBlankers, M., Salemink, E., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2015) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-20852-7_10 · Cited by 7
Eiler, T. J., Grünewald, A., Wahl, M. G., & Brück, R. (2020) · Communications in computer and information science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-41590-7_7 · Cited by 7
Geerts, J. A., Pieterse, M. E., Laverman, G. D., Waanders, F., Oosterom, N., Slegten, J., Salemink, E., & Bode, C. (2023) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/43636 · Cited by 6
“Moreover, some disliked the repetitive and boring nature of CBM [31].”
InfluentialSteinman, S. A., Edwards, C. B., Snider, M. D. H., Billingsley, A. L., Ponzini, G. T., Evey, K. J., Doss, B. D., & Timpano, K. R. (2024) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2024.05.007 · Cited by 6
Jayasinghe, H., Short, C. E., Braunack‐Mayer, A., Merkin, A., & Hume, C. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17915 · Cited by 5
“Laboratory-based evidence suggests that digital interventions delivered via computerized tasks can change people’s automatic processes to specific stimuli [14,17-19].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialDaniel, K. E., Mendu, S., Baglione, A. N., Cai, L., Teachman, B. A., Barnes, L. E., & Boukhechba, M. (2021) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2021.1959916 · Cited by 5
“For example, researchers have begun testing CBM-I in primary care (Beard et al., 2012) settings.”
BackgroundMaking an IMPACT: Designing and Testing a Novel Attentional Training Game to Reduce Social Anxiety
Enock, P. M. (2015) · Digital Access to Scholarship at Harvard (DASH) (Harvard University) · doi:10.13140/rg.2.1.1111.3848 · Cited by 6
Eiler, T. J., Schmücker, V., Haßler, B., Machulska, A., Grünewald, A., Klucken, T., Gießer, C., & Brück, R. (2021) · IEEE International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Virtual Reality (AIVR) · doi:10.1109/aivr52153.2021.00041 · Cited by 5
Cognitive Bias Modification Training to Change Interpretation Biases
Salemink, E., Woud, M. L., Bouwman, V., & Mobach, L. (2023) · CBT: science into practice · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-23650-1_11 · Cited by 6
Keinert, M., Schindler‐Gmelch, L., Eskofier, B. M., & Berking, M. (2024) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-024-00218-z · Cited by 5
“The open evaluation of the training showed that the swipe control condition was experienced to be monotonous by some, which has also been found in a previous study investigating a similar intervention (Beard et al., 2012).”
Silverman, A. L., Fua, K., & Teachman, B. A. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1002/jclp.23443 · Cited by 4
Cognitive bias modification of interpretation for social anxiety: A "bottom-up" intervention?
Bingqian, L., & Li, X. (2018) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2018.00859 · Cited by 3
Jahn, K., Kempt, H., Eiler, T. J., Heger, O., Gruenewald, A., Machulska, A., Klucken, T., Brueck, R., Gethmann, C. F., & Niehaves, B. (2020) · doi:10.30844/wi_2020_z2-paper4 · Cited by 4
“One problem of CBM is the relatively high dropout rate [19, 22, 23]).”
BackgroundBolt, G. L., Piercy, H., Bradshaw, J., & Manning, V. (2024) · Drug and Alcohol Review · doi:10.1111/dar.13827 · Cited by 6
Williams, A. D., Pajak, R., O'Moore, K., Andrews, G., & Grisham, J. (2014) · Trials · doi:10.1186/1745-6215-15-193 · Cited by 2
“Although a qualitative study suggests CBM-I (targeting social anxiety) is acceptable to patients, the tasks may need refining to enhance engagement [41].”
Internet‐ and Computer‐Based Treatments of Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
Becker, E., & Andersson, G. (2020) · Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Worrying · doi:10.1002/9781119189909.ch15 · Cited by 3
Shen, D., Jiao, J., Zhang, L., Liu, Y., Liu, X., Li, Y., Zhang, T., Li, D., & Hao, W. (2024) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/56978 · Cited by 3
“Several studies have reported the issue of boredom with CBM training [4-6].”
‘Don't stop believing’: The role of training beliefs in cognitive bias modification paradigms
Masterton, S., Hardman, C. A., & Jones, A. (2022) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2022.106041 · Cited by 3
Targeting Cognitive Bias to Reduce Anger and Aggression
Osgood, J. M. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-98711-4_112-1 · Cited by 3
Wakeman, M., Tesfaye, L., Baskin, G., Gregory, T., Gruse, G., Leahy, E., Kendrick, B., & El‐Toukhy, S. (2025) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/59515 · Cited by 3
“Past qualitative research has identified the need for users to understand the rationale behind CBM and ABM [62,63], which is critical for engagement [54].”
Codesigning a mobile gamified attention bias modification intervention: research protocol
Zhang, M. W., Heng, S., Song, G., Fung, D. S. S., & Smith, H. E. (2019) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031897 · Cited by 3
Vermeir, J. F., White, M. J., Johnson, D. M., Crombez, G., & Ryckeghem, D. M. L. V. (2024) · JMIR Serious Games · doi:10.2196/50635 · Cited by 2
Bolt, G. L., Rowland, B., Piercy, H., Bradshaw, J., Lubman, D. I., & Manning, V. (2025) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2025.108560 · Cited by 3
Boendermaker, W. J., Veltkamp, R. C., Beun, R. J., van de Schoot, R., & Peeters, M. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-50182-6_11 · Cited by 2
“An important aspect of these cognitive training paradigms is that they are often seen as long and boring [9].”
BackgroundBlankers, M., Salemink, E., & Wiers, R. W. H. J. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-59936-1_14 · Cited by 2
Vassilopoulos, S. P., Brouzos, A., & Rentzios, C. (2014) · Cited by 2
Dodd, D. R., Clerkin, E. M., & Smith, A. R. (2022) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2022.01.003 · Cited by 6
Kang, S., & Osinsky, R. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1279311 · Cited by 2
Nuijs, M. D., Larsen, H., Grafton, B., MacLeod, C., Bögels, S. M., Wiers, R. W. H. J., & Salemink, E. (2025) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2025.102030 · Cited by 1
Keinert, M., Schindler‐Gmelch, L., Rupp, L. H., Sadeghi, M., Richer, R., Capito, K., Eskofier, B. M., & Berking, M. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/65357 · Cited by 1
“One possible solution to this dilemma, as suggested by Beard and colleagues [70], is to increase the credibility of the intervention by ensuring a highly comprehensible and convincing treatment rationale and motivation.”
Geerts, J. A., Bode, C., Sniehotta, F. F., Siemerink, E., & Pieterse, M. E. (2025) · Journal of Psychosocial Oncology Research and Practice · doi:10.1097/or9.0000000000000181 · Cited by 1
Factors Influencing HIV Risk: A Qualitative Study of U.S.-Based Burundian Refugees
Munene, E., & Greenwood, J. L. J. (2013) · Journal of Immigrant & Refugee Studies · doi:10.1080/15562948.2013.801738 · Cited by 1
Tayama, J., Shimazu, A., Ogawa, S., & Naoki, N. (2021) · Journal of Occupational Health · doi:10.1002/1348-9585.12229 · Cited by 2
Cognitive Biases and the Detection of Production Disruptions
Breiter, S., Kessler, M., & Arlinghaus, J. C. (2022) · Procedia CIRP · doi:10.1016/j.procir.2022.05.164 · Cited by 1
Cognitive Bias Modification Strategies for Anxious Children
Kuckertz, J. M., & Amir, N. (2019) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108235655.006 · Cited by 1
Eid, L., Kenny, A., Jacobsen, P. C., Hsu, C.-W., & Yiend, J. (2024) · Research Square · doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-5563578/v1 · Cited by 1
Lodge, J. (2013) · UEA Digital Repository (University of East Anglia)
Metadata
- Authors
- Beard, C., Weisberg, R. B., & Primack, J.
- Affiliations
- Brown University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Beard, Courtney
- Venue
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2011-11-30
- Volume
- 40
- Issue
- 5
- Pages
- 618-633
- ISSN
- 1352-4658 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-1833
- PMC
- PMC3816754
- OpenAlex
- W2119983695
- Semantic Scholar
- 6e0ff7172ea8d124377e1826bf89eb72c3822a59
- Cited by
- 124
- References
- 35
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 11 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 13 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 6 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 7 · 2014: 7 · 2013: 7 · 2012: 4
- FWCI
- 7.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (F32MH083330, MH69595, K23MH069595, MH083330)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- cognitive bias modification, social anxiety, primary care patients, treatment acceptability, patient attitudes, computerized cognitive training, attentional bias modification, interpretation bias modification, treatment rationale
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Anxiety Disorders, Attention, Attitude, Behavior Therapy, Cooperative Behavior, Culture, Female, Humans, Implosive Therapy, Judgment, Male, Middle Aged, Patient Acceptance of Health Care, Patient Education as Topic, Phobic Disorders, Physician-Patient Relations, Primary Health Care, Therapy, Computer-Assisted, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Patient Satisfaction, Interdisciplinary Communication
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