Attention bias modification treatment: a meta-analysis toward the establishment of novel treatment for anxiety
Open accessAbstract
Background Attention Bias Modification Treatment (ABMT) is a newly-emerging promising treatment for anxiety disorders. While recent randomized control trials (RCTs) suggest that ABMT reduces anxiety, therapeutic effects have not been summarized quantitatively. Methods Standard meta-analytic procedures were used to summarize the effect of ABMT on anxiety. Using MEDLINE, January 1995 to February 2010, we identified RCTs comparing the effects on anxiety of ABMT and quantified effect sizes using Hedge’s d. Results Twelve studies met inclusion criteria, including 467 participants from 10 publications. ABMT produced significantly greater reductions in anxiety than control training, with a medium effect (d = 0.61, p <.001). Age and gender did not moderate the effect of ABMT on anxiety, while several characteristics of the ABMT training did. Conclusions ABMT shows promise as a novel treatment for anxiety. Additional RCTs are needed to fully evaluate the degree to which these findings replicate and apply to patients. Future work should consider the precise role for ABMT in the broader anxiety-disorder therapeutic armamentarium.
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Many ABM studies have shown that redirecting attention from threat to non-threat cues yields greater reduction of self-reported and clinically rated fear symptoms than attending directly to phobic stimuli, though findings are inconsistent when compared to more rigorous control conditions.
“Many ABM studies have shown that this redirection of attention yields greater reduction of self-reported and clinically rated fear symptoms than attending directly to phobic stimuli (Hakamata, Lissek, Bar-Haim, Britton, et al. 2010; Heeren, Reese, McNally & Philippot, 2012; however, see Mogg, Waters & Bradley (2017) for inconsistent findings when ABM is compared to more rigorous control conditions”
From Advancing the treatment of anxiety disorders in transition‐age youth: a review of the therapeutic effects of unconscious exposure. (2025) · cites this paper as Hakamata, Lissek, Bar-Haim, Britton, et al. 2010
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 1 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSuccessful modification of cognitive biases parallels symptom improvement following cognitive behavioral therapy, pharmacotherapy, or systematic training aimed at altering biases.
“Furthermore, successful modification of cognitive biases parallels symptom improvement following cognitive behavioral therapy (Pishyar et al., 2008), pharmacotherapy (Mogg et al., 2004), or systematic training aimed at altering biases (Hakamata et al., 2010; Beard et al., 2011).”
From Mindfulness Training Alters Emotional Memory Recall Compared to Active Controls: Support for an Emotional Information Processing Model of Mindfulness (2012) · cites this paper as Hakamata et al., 2010
Initial positive results with attention bias modification have been reported in psychopathology.
“Initial positive results with this strategy have been reported in chronic pain [14] and in psychopathology [8].”
From Attentional bias and chronic pain: Where to go from here? (2014) · cites this paper as [8]
Computer-based cognitive bias training tasks reduce self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression.
“and, importantly, have also been found to reduce self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression (Hakamata et al, 2010; Wells and Beevers, 2009).”
From Using an Experimental Medicine Model to Explore Combination Effects of Pharmacological and Cognitive Interventions for Depression and Anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Hakamata et al, 2010
The literature on attentional cognitive bias training ameliorating symptoms of depression is less consistent than that demonstrating an anxiolytic effect.
“Although there is evidence that attentional cognitive bias training does ameliorate symptoms of depression, this literature is less consistent (Baert et al, 2010; Wells et al, 2009) than that demonstrating an anxiolytic effect (Hakamata et al, 2010).”
From Using an Experimental Medicine Model to Explore Combination Effects of Pharmacological and Cognitive Interventions for Depression and Anxiety (2011) · cites this paper as Hakamata et al, 2010
Evidence of dysfunction in prefrontal cortex-dependent attentional processes has led to the development and testing of attention retraining therapies.
“For example, evidence of dysfunction in PFC-dependent attentional processes has led to the development and testing of attention retraining therapies.97,175”
From Neural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders (2012) · cites this paper as [175]
A power analysis indicated that 472 participants were needed to detect a Time × Condition interaction between eight groups in predicting anxiety or depression scores, with a small effect size (f = 0.10), power 90%, and alpha .05.
“A power analysis indicated that in order to detect a Time  Condition interaction between eight groups in predicting anxiety or depression scores, with a small effect size (f ¼ 0.10, based on Beard, Sawyer, & Hofmann, 2012;Hakamata et al., 2010;Hallion & Ruscio, 2011), a power of 90%, and an alpha of .05,472 participants were needed for the full study.”
From Online attentional bias modification training targeting anxiety and depression in unselected adolescents: short- and long-term effects of a randomized controlled trial (2016) · cites this paper as Hakamata et al., 2010
Recent meta-analyses and reviews of randomised controlled trials report small-to-moderate effect sizes of ABM on anxiety symptoms.
“Recent meta-analyses and reviews of random controlled trials (RCTs) report small-to-moderate effect sizes of ABM on anxiety symptoms (Cristea, Kok et al., 2015;Cristea, Mogoas ¸e et al., 2015;Hakamata et al., 2010;Hallion & Ruscio, 2011;Heeren, Mogoase, Philippot et al., 2015;Mogoas ¸e et al., 2014;Van Bockstaele et al., 2014).”
From Anxiety and attention to threat: cognitive mechanisms and treatment with attention bias modification (2016) · cites this paper as Hakamata et al., 2010
Prior meta-analytic reviews do not focus specifically on results in clinically affected patients, and no review provides a direct meta-analytic test of ABMT as a stand-alone treatment for clinical anxiety disorders.
“However, prior reviews do not focus specifically on results in clinically affected patients.As a result, no review provides a direct meta-analytic test of the utility of ABMT as a stand-alone treatment for clinical anxiety disorders.”
Four published meta-analyses have examined the effects of attention bias modification on symptoms and, as a group, reported small-to-medium effect sizes.
“Four published meta-analyses have examined the effects of attention bias modification on symptoms, as a group reporting small-to-medium effect sizes.[8][9][10][11]”
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“…the maintenance of anxious (e.g. MacLeod et al. 2002 ; Mathews & MacLeod, 2002) and depressed mood (Watkins et al. 2008), with recent evidence that repeated CBM training to reduce negative attentional bias successfully reduces anxiety and depression (Hakamata et al. 2010 ; Wells & Beevers, 2010).”
BackgroundPrice, R. B., Wallace, M., Kuckertz, J. M., Amir, N., Graur, S., Cummings, L., Popa, P., Carlbring, P., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2016) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.09.009 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Self-citationNeural Substrates of Childhood Anxiety Disorders
Blackford, J. U., & Pine, D. S. (2012) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.chc.2012.05.002 · Cited by 138 · see citing works
Self-citationAttention training towards positive stimuli in clinically anxious children
Waters, A. M., Pittaway, M., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., & Pine, D. S. (2013) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2012.09.004 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
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Automaticity in anxiety disorders and major depressive disorder
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Internet-Based Attention Training for Social Anxiety: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Boettcher, J., Berger, T., & Renneberg, B. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9374-y · Cited by 130 · see citing works
Social fearfulness in the human brain
Miskovic, V., & Schmidt, L. A. (2012) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2011.08.002 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
A three-phase model of the social emotional functioning in eating disorders
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Waters, A. M., Bradley, B. P., & Mogg, K. (2014) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291713000779 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Threat bias in attention orienting: Evidence of specificity in a large community-based study
Salum, G. A., Mogg, K., Bradley, B. P., Gadelha, A., Pan, P., Tamanaha, A. C., Moriyama, T., Graeff-Martins, A. S., Jarros, R. B., Polanczyk, G., et al. (2013) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291712001651 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
Beard, C., Weisberg, R. B., & Primack, J. (2012) · Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy · doi:10.1017/s1352465811000671 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“…are efficacious in modifying cognitive biases associated with a wide range of psychopathology, e.g., general and social anxiety (see Beard, 2011; Hakamata et al., 2010 for reviews), obsessive-compulsive symptoms (Najmi & Amir, 2010), alcohol use (Field & Eastwood, 2005), and eating disorders…”
BackgroundCombined cognitive bias modification treatment for social anxiety disorder: a pilot trial
Beard, C., Weisberg, R. B., & Amir, N. (2011) · Depression and Anxiety · doi:10.1002/da.20873 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
“CBM affects cognition via repeated practice on tasks that require rapid processing (for reviews of CBM, see[3–5]).”
MethodThe emotional attentional blink: what we know so far
McHugo, M., Olatunji, B. O., & Zald, D. H. (2013) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2013.00151 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Shechner, T., Rimon-Chakir, A., Britton, J. C., Lotan, D., Apter, A., Bliese, P. D., Pine, D. S., & Bar-Haim, Y. (2014) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2013.09.016 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Moderation and mediation of the effect of attention training in social anxiety disorder
Kuckertz, J. M., Gildebrant, E., Liliequist, B., Karlström, P., Väppling, C., Bodlund, O., Stenlund, T., Hofmann, S. G., Andersson, G., Amir, N., et al. (2014) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.12.003 · Cited by 117 · see citing works
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Visual search attentional bias modification reduced social phobia in adolescents
De Voogd, E. L., Wiers, R. W., Prins, P. J. M., & Salemink, E. (2014) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2013.11.006 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Attentional control in OCD and GAD: Specificity and associations with core cognitive symptoms
Armstrong, T., Zald, D. H., & Olatunji, B. O. (2011) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2011.08.003 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Cognitive bias modification procedures in the management of mental disorders
MacLeod, C. (2012) · Current Opinion in Psychiatry · doi:10.1097/yco.0b013e32834fda4a · Cited by 104 · see citing works
Boettcher, J., Leek, L., Matson, L., Holmes, E. A., Browning, M., MacLeod, C., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0071760 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Temperament and the Emergence of Anxiety Disorders
Fox, N. A., & Pine, D. S. (2012) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2011.10.006 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Self-citationBomyea, J., & Amir, N. (2011) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9369-8 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Britton, J. C., Bar-Haim, Y., Clementi, M. A., Sankin, L. S., Chen, G., Shechner, T., Norcross, M. A., Spiro, C. N., Lindstrom, K. M., & Pine, D. S. (2013) · Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.dcn.2012.11.001 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
White, L. K., Sequeira, S., Britton, J. C., Brotman, M. A., Gold, A. L., Berman, E., Towbin, K., Abend, R., Fox, N. A., Bar-Haim, Y., et al. (2017) · American Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1176/appi.ajp.2017.16070847 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Self-citationMånsson, K. N. T., Carlbring, P., Frick, A., Engman, J., Olsson, C.-J., Bodlund, O., Furmark, T., & Andersson, G. (2013) · Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging · doi:10.1016/j.pscychresns.2013.08.012 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Rapee, R. M., MacLeod, C., Carpenter, L., Gaston, J. E., Frei, J., Peters, L., & Baillie, A. J. (2013) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2013.01.005 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Capturing dynamics of biased attention: are new attention variability measures the way forward
Kruijt, A.-W., Field, A. P., & Fox, E. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166600 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
An integrative review of attention biases and their contribution to treatment for anxiety disorders
Barry, T. J., Vervliet, B., & Hermans, D. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00968 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
MacLeod, C., & Grafton, B. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.07.005 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
Attentional bias modification in posttraumatic stress disorder: a randomized controlled trial
Schoorl, M., Putman, P., & Van Der Does, W. (2013) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000341920 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Heeren, A., Peschard, V., & Philippot, P. (2012) · Cognitive Therapy and Research · doi:10.1007/s10608-011-9394-7 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Heightened attentional capture by threat in veterans with PTSD.
Olatunji, B. O., Armstrong, T., McHugo, M., & Zald, D. H. (2013) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0030440 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
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de Voogd, E. L., Wiers, R. W., Prins, P. J. M., de Jong, P. J., Boendermaker, W. J., Zwitser, R. J., & Salemink, E. (2016) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2016.08.018 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Roberts-Wolfe, D., Sacchet, M., Hastings, E., Roth, H., & Britton, W. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00015 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“One possibility is that mindfulness training alters the processing of emotional information, similar to prevailing cognitive models of depression and anxiety (Beck, 1987; Hakamata et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialAttention bias modification: the Emperor's new suit?
Emmelkamp, P. M. (2012) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/1741-7015-10-63 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Attention bias modification for youth with social anxiety disorder
Pergamin‐Hight, L., Pine, D. S., Fox, N. A., & Bar‐Haim, Y. (2016) · Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry · doi:10.1111/jcpp.12599 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationDigital Technologies in the Treatment of Anxiety: Recent Innovations and Future Directions
Firth, J., Torous, J., Carney, R., Newby, J., Cosco, T. D., Christensen, H., & Sarris, J. (2018) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-018-0910-2 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
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Ruhe, H. G., Mocking, R. J. T., Figueroa, C. A., Seeverens, P. W. J., Ikani, N., Tyborowska, A., Browning, M., Vrijsen, J. N., Harmer, C. J., & Schene, A. H. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2019.00145 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
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Mechanisms of selective attention in generalized anxiety disorder
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Threat monitoring and attention-bias modification in anxiety and stress-related disorders
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Attentional bias modification facilitates attentional control mechanisms: Evidence from eye tracking
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Validation of a novel attentional bias modification task: the future may be in the cards
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When ignorance is bliss: explicit instruction and the efficacy of CBM-A for anxiety
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They are laughing at me: Cerebral mediation of cognitive biases in social anxiety
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“On the one hand, the present study defines clear cut regions of interest for further studies on the cerebral mechanisms underlying neuropsychological attention trainings which both modify such cognitive biases and alleviate the symptoms in anxiety disorders [49].”
Background
- Authors
- Hakamata, Y., Lissek, S., Bar-Haim, Y., Britton, J. C., Fox, N. A., Leibenluft, E., Ernst, M., & Pine, D. S.
- Affiliations
- National Institute of Mental Health (JP)
- National Institute of Mental Health (US)
- University of Maryland, College Park (US)
- Corresponding author
- Hakamata, Yuko
- Venue
- Biological Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2010-12
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 11
- Pages
- 982-990
- ISSN
- 0006-3223 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3296778
- OpenAlex
- W2153922516
- Semantic Scholar
- 4eace0c1355ded852a1a6cac9a70897eac3af37c
- Cited by
- 869
- References
- 48
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 28 · 2023: 42 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 50 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 60 · 2018: 68 · 2017: 62 · 2016: 65 · 2015: 101 · 2014: 75 · 2013: 89 · 2012: 70
- FWCI
- 8.05
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Biological Psychiatry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychotherapy Techniques and Applications
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Psychological Treatments and Assessments
- Keywords
- attentional bias modification, anxiety disorders, anxiety treatment, cognitive bias modification, effect size, treatment moderators, age and gender differences
- MeSH terms
- Anxiety, Anxiety Disorders, Attention, Behavior Therapy, Humans
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