Monoamine oxidase A gene DNA hypomethylation - A risk factor for panic disorder?
Open accessAbstract
The monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene has been suggested as a prime candidate in the pathogenesis of panic disorder. In the present study, DNA methylation patterns in the MAOA regulatory and exon 1/intron 1 region were investigated for association with panic disorder with particular attention to possible effects of gender and environmental factors. Sixty-five patients with panic disorder (44 females, 21 males) and 65 healthy controls were analysed for DNA methylation status at 42 MAOA CpG sites via direct sequencing of sodium bisulfate treated DNA extracted from blood cells. The occurrence of recent positive and negative life events was ascertained. Male subjects showed no or only very minor methylation with some evidence for relative hypomethylation at one CpG site in intron 1 in patients compared to controls. Female patients exhibited significantly lower methylation than healthy controls at 10 MAOA CpG sites in the promoter as well as in exon/intron 1, with significance surviving correction for multiple testing at four CpG sites (p≤0.001). Furthermore, in female subjects the occurrence of negative life events was associated with relatively decreased methylation, while positive life events were associated with increased methylation. The present pilot data suggest a potential role of MAOA gene hypomethylation in the pathogenesis of panic disorder particularly in female patients, possibly mediating a detrimental influence of negative life events. Future studies are warranted to replicate the present finding in independent samples, preferably in a longitudinal design.
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MAOA DNAm was negatively correlated to life events in a sample of Panic Disorder.
“Moreover, MAOA DNAm was negatively correlated to life events in a sample of Panic Disorder (Domschke et al., 2012).”
From Can epigenetics shine a light on the biological pathways underlying major mental disorders? (2022) · cites this paper as Domschke et al., 2012
The “Mediating effect of life events on MAOA methylation” section reports that, among female patients with panic disorder, a higher percentage of negative life events was associated with lower methylation at one CpG site. The claim omits those qualifications: the paper does not report a negative correlation for life events generally or for average MAOA methylation across all sites. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredComparing 44 female patients with panic disorder with 44 mentally healthy control probands showed a significantly lower average MAOA methylation in panic disorder, principally in CpG islands downstream of the uVNTR and within the first exon.
“Comparing 44 female patients with panic disorder with 44 mentally healthy control probands showed a significantly lower average MAOA methylation in panic disorder, principally in CpG islands downstream of the uVNTR and within the first exon (Domschke et al., 2012)”
From The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention (2020) · cites this paper as Domschke et al., 2012
Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMAOA methylation was not affected by age, smoking status or SSRI medication, while long uVNTR variants were associated with increased overall methylation in healthy controls.
“While methylation was not affected by age, smoking status or selective serotonin-reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) medication, the long uVNTR variants were associated with increased overall methylation in healthy controls (Domschke et al., 2012)”
From The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention (2020) · cites this paper as Domschke et al., 2012
The ‘Influence of age, smoking status, medication and MAOA VNTR’ section (page not provided) reports no significant effect of age, smoking, or antidepressant medication on average methylation in the female samples studied. Medication was mainly, but not exclusively, SSRIs; the paper did not report a separate SSRI analysis. The Discussion (page not provided) describes only a tendency toward increased overall methylation with longer VNTR alleles in healthy controls, so the claim states that association more firmly than the paper does. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThe proportion of positive recent life events was significantly positively correlated with methylation at both genomic sites downstream of the uVNTR and within the first MAOA exon.
“The proportion of positive recent life events was significantly positively correlated with methylation at both genomic sites, pointing towards a role of MAOA hypomethylation as an epigenetic correlate of susceptibility-increasing environmental experiences in the etiology of panic disorder (Domschke et al., 2012).”
From The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention (2020) · cites this paper as Domschke et al., 2012
The ‘Mediating effect of life events on MAOA methylation’ section reports significant positive correlations at CpG sites in amplicons B and C. However, the site-location description in ‘Sample characteristics’ places the relevant amplicon C CpG 11 in intron 1, not exon 1; the reported amplicon B sites are in the promoter. The claim’s exon-1 location is therefore not supported. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredAcross female panic disorder patients and controls, the proportion of negative life events during the past year was significantly negatively correlated with CpG island methylation downstream of the uVNTR and within the first MAOA exon.
“Most strikingly, across female panic disorder patients and controls the proportion of negative life events during the past year was significantly negatively correlated with CpG island methylation downstream of the uVNTR and within the first MAOA exon (Domschke et al., 2012).”
From The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention (2020) · cites this paper as Domschke et al., 2012
The ‘Mediating effect of life events on MAOA methylation’ section reports significant negative correlations across female patients and controls at two specific CpG sites, one in amplicon B and one in amplicon C; it reports no association with average methylation across all sites. The ‘Samples’ section specifies different life-event periods: six months before disease onset for patients and 12 months before study inclusion for controls, not the past year for both groups. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.90)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
Human MAOA methylation is positively correlated with the percentage of recently experienced positive life events, while relative hypomethylation is associated with the experience of negative life events and a number of mental disorders including panic disorder, depression and substance abuse.
“human MAOA methylation has been found to be positively correlated with the percentage of recently experienced positive life events, while relative hypomethylation has been associated with the experience of negative life events (Domschke et al., 2012) and a number of mental disorders including panic disorder, depression and substance abuse (for review, see Ziegler & Domschke, 2018).”
From The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention (2020) · cites this paper as Domschke et al., 2012
Split into 2 atoms — 1 confirmed, 1 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMAOA methylation is decreased in association with increased negative life events.
“↓ MAOA methylation associated with increased negative life events”
From The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention (2020) · cites this paper as Domschke et al., 2012
The “Mediating effect of life events on MAOA methylation” section associates a higher percentage of negative life events with lower methylation at two specific CpG sites in female subjects, particularly among patients with panic disorder. It also reports no association with average methylation across all CpG sites, so the claim is too broad if read as referring to MAOA methylation overall. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredIn candidate gene studies in anxiety disorders, the evidence points at a pattern of MAO-A hypomethylation, as shown in acrophobia and OCD.
“in candidate gene studies in anxiety disorders, the evidence points at a pattern of hypomethylation (Ziegler et al., 2016) as shown in acrophobia (Schiele et al., 2018) and obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) (Domschke et al., 2012).”
From Can epigenetics shine a light on the biological pathways underlying major mental disorders? (2022) · cites this paper as Domschke et al., 2012
The Discussion reports MAOA hypomethylation in female patients with panic disorder, supporting an anxiety-disorder example of the pattern. But Domschke et al. (2012) is cited specifically for OCD in the citing sentence, and our copy does not report an OCD finding. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMAOA hypomethylation is an epigenetic correlate of susceptibility-increasing environmental experiences in the etiology of panic disorder.
“pointing towards a role of MAOA hypomethylation as an epigenetic correlate of susceptibility-increasing environmental experiences in the etiology of panic disorder (Domschke et al., 2012).”
From The applied implications of epigenetics in anxiety, affective and stress-related disorders - A review and synthesis on psychosocial stress, psychotherapy and prevention (2020) · cites this paper as Domschke et al., 2012
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Self-citationGenetic and epigenetic associations of MAOA and NR3C1 with depression and childhood adversities
Melas, P. A., Wei, Y., Wong, C. C. Y., Sjöholm, L. K., Åberg, E., Mill, J., Schalling, M., Forsell, Y., & Lavebratt, C. (2013) · International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1017/s1461145713000102 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
Oxytocin receptor gene methylation: converging multilevel evidence for a role in social anxiety
Ziegler, C., Dannlowski, U., Bräuer, D., Stevens, S., Laeger, I., Wittmann, H., Kugel, H., Dobel, C., Hurlemann, R., Reif, A., et al. (2015) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2015.2 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Self-citationZiegler, C., Richter, J., Mahr, M., Gajewska, A., Schiele, M. A., Gehrmann, A., Schmidt, B., Lesch, K.-P., Lang, T., Helbig-Lang, S., et al. (2016) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2016.41 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
Self-citationSchiele, M. A., Gottschalk, M. G., & Domschke, K. (2020) · Clinical Psychology Review · doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2020.101830 · Cited by 156 · see citing works
Self-citationMaul, S., Giegling, I., Fabbri, C., Corponi, F., Serretti, A., & Rujescu, D. (2020) · American Journal of Medical Genetics Part B: Neuropsychiatric Genetics · doi:10.1002/ajmg.b.32763 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
Domschke, K., Tidow, N., Schrempf, M., Schwarte, K., Klauke, B., Reif, A., Kersting, A., Arolt, V., Zwanzger, P., & Deckert, J. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2013.07.014 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Self-citationEpigenetic signature of MAOA and MAOB genes in mental disorders
Ziegler, C., & Domschke, K. (2018) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-018-1929-6 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Self-citationDNA methylation signatures in panic disorder
Iurato, S., Carrillo-Roa, T., Arloth, J., Czamara, D., Diener-Hölzl, L., Lange, J., Müller-Myhsok, B., Binder, E. B., & Erhardt, A. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0026-1 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Epigenome-wide association study of DNA methylation in panic disorder
Shimada-Sugimoto, M., Otowa, T., Miyagawa, T., Umekage, T., Kawamura, Y., Bundo, M., Iwamoto, K., Tochigi, M., Kasai, K., Kaiya, H., et al. (2017) · Clinical Epigenetics · doi:10.1186/s13148-016-0307-1 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
The MAOA gene predicts happiness in women
Chen, H., Pine, D. S., Ernst, M., Gorodetsky, E., Kasen, S., Gordon, K., Goldman, D., & Cohen, P. (2013) · Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2012.07.018 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Can epigenetics shine a light on the biological pathways underlying major mental disorders?
Alameda, L., Trotta, G., Quigley, H., Rodriguez, V., Gadelrab, R., Dwir, D., Dempster, E., Wong, C. C. Y., & Forti, M. D. (2022) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291721005559 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“While studies in depression have found inconsistent DNAm changes (Domschke et al., 2015; Melas & Forsell, 2015; Melas et al., 2013); in candidate gene studies in anxiety disorders, the evidence points at a pattern of hypomethylation (Ziegler et al., 2016) as shown in acrophobia (Schiele et al., 2018) and obsessive com…”
BackgroundInfluentialThe DNA methylome in panic disorder: A case-control and longitudinal psychotherapy-epigenetic study
Ziegler, C., Grundner-Culemann, F., Schiele, M. A., Schlosser, P., Kollert, L., Mahr, M., Gajewska, A., Lesch, K.-P., Deckert, J., Köttgen, A., et al. (2019) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41398-019-0648-6 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Well-Being: An Important Concept for Psychotherapy and Psychiatric Neuroscience
Hasler, G. (2016) · Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics · doi:10.1159/000447268 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Drabe, M., Rullmann, M., Luthardt, J., Boettcher, Y., Regenthal, R., Ploetz, T., Becker, G. A., Patt, M., Schinke, C., Bergh, F. T., et al. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.133 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Pellicano, G. R., Daniela, S., Chiara, C., Arianna, G., Paola, A., & Carlo, L. (2022) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2022.100310 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
- Authors
- Domschke, K., Tidow, N., Kuithan, H., Schwarte, K., Klauke, B., Ambrée, O., Reif, A., Schmidt, H., Arolt, V., Kersting, A., Zwanzger, P., & Deckert, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Münster (DE)
- Leipzig University (DE)
- University of Würzburg (DE)
- Corresponding author
- Domschke, Katharina
- ORCID
- Venue
- The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology
- Publisher
- Oxford University Press (OUP)
- Published
- 2012-03-21
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 09
- Pages
- 1217-1228
- ISSN
- 1461-1457 (ISSN-L)
- 1469-5111
- OpenAlex
- W2100178612
- Cited by
- 132
- References
- 71
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 29 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 11 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 8 · 2015: 6 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 9 · 2012: 3
- FWCI
- 3.34
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- The International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
- Research Publications (Maastricht University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (TRR‐58, SFB TRR 58)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Epigenetics and DNA Methylation
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- monoamine oxidase A, MAOA gene, DNA hypomethylation, DNA methylation, panic disorder, sex differences, life events, promoter methylation, intron 1, CpG sites, epigenetics, genetic risk factors
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Base Sequence, Exons, Female, Humans, Life Change Events, Male, Molecular Sequence Data, Monoamine Oxidase, Mutagens, Pilot Projects, Promoter Regions, Genetic, Risk Factors, Sex Characteristics, Smoking, Sulfites, Polymerase Chain Reaction, Panic Disorder, Minisatellite Repeats, DNA Methylation, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Epigenesis, Genetic
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