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Emerging role of the cannabinoid receptor CB 2 in immune regulation: therapeutic prospects for neuroinflammation
Open accessAbstract
There is now a large body of data indicating that the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB 2 ) is linked to a variety of immune events. This functional relevance appears to be most salient in the course of inflammation, a process during which there is an increased number of receptors that are available for activation. Studies aimed at elucidating signal transduction events resulting from CB 2 interaction with its native ligands, and of the role of exogenous cannabinoids in modulating this process, are providing novel insights into the role of CB 2 in maintaining a homeostatic immune balance within the host. Furthermore, these studies suggest that the CB 2 may serve as a selective molecular target for therapeutic manipulation of untoward immune responses, including those associated with a variety of neuropathies that exhibit a hyperinflammatory component.
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“Endocannabinoids mediate inflammation by regulating cytokines at different steps throughout the inflammatory response (Cabral and Griffin-Thomas, 2009).”
From The endogenous cannabinoid system: a budding source of targets for treating inflammatory and neuropathic pain (2018) · cites this paper as Cabral and Griffin-Thomas, 2009
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“For example, THC and AEA suppress proinflammatory cytokines and enhance anti-inflammatory cytokines in both innate and adaptive immune responses (Cabral and Griffin-Thomas, 2009).”
From The endogenous cannabinoid system: a budding source of targets for treating inflammatory and neuropathic pain (2018) · cites this paper as Cabral and Griffin-Thomas, 2009
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“Cannabinoids also inhibit the cell-specific proliferation of B and T cells (Cabral and Griffin-Thomas, 2009;Klein and Cabral, 2006).”
From The endogenous cannabinoid system: a budding source of targets for treating inflammatory and neuropathic pain (2018) · cites this paper as Cabral and Griffin-Thomas, 2009
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Research works printed but not linked: 4
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=105400 (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis)
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=114610 (CB1)
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=605051 (CB2) The National Institute of Drug Abuse website includes listings of clinical trials:
- http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/dispomim.cgi?id=126200 (multiple sclerosis)
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Ahmed, S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-24705-7.00014-4
Sultana, N., Yang, F., Kitaba, N. T., Potter, S., Holloway, J. W., Arshad, S. H., & Zhang, H. (2025) · Epigenomes · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2024.12.851
Turkki, T., Jankowski, M. M., Glac, W., Badtke, P., Saito, V. M., Swiergiel, A. H., & Ignatowska-Jankowska, B. M. (2025) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2025.02.24.639985
“…shown to cause immune cell chemotaxis in a manner that is CB 2 receptor-dependent, so it is possible that CBD indirectly caused lymphocyte migration, but this could require further examination (Basu et al., 2013; Basu and Dittel, 2011; Cabral and Griffin-Thomas, 2009; Rahaman and Ganguly, 2021).”
Johnson, D., Luo, Z., Fitting, S., Sheng, Z., & Jiang, W. (2025) · NeuroImmune Pharmacology and Therapeutics · doi:10.1515/nipt-2025-0003
Central Nervous System: Sleep, Cognition and Neuroprotection
Dedam, J.-P. H., Fogel, M., & Fogel, E. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-87484-0_12
Ashokkumar, M., Ge, R. Y., Volkheimer, A. D., Margolis, D. M., Li, Q., Jiang, Y., Murdoch, D. M., & Browne, E. P. (2026) · Journal of Cannabis Research · doi:10.1186/s42238-026-00412-0
“CBs are canonically thought to be immunosuppressive; they reduce T cell proliferation and IL-2 expression after TCR-mediated activation, as well as TNF-α production and leukocyte migration across the blood-brain barrier (Cabral and Griffin-Thomas 2009; Klein et al. 2003).”
InfluentialBorkar, S. A., Venturi, G. M., Chang, K.-F., Gu, J., Yin, L., Shen, J., Fischer, B. M., Nepal, U., Raplee, I., Kim-Chang, J. J., et al. (2025) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells14161267
“These G protein-coupled receptors form the endocannabinoid system and have immunomodulatory properties that reduce chronic inflammation [11,12], a key driver of comorbidities and long-term health complications in PWH [13–15].”
BI-5756 Reduces Graft-Versus-Host Disease Through CB1-Mediated Treg Upregulation
Kim, S., Dania, A.-J., Lim, S., & Choi, J. (2025) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules30173517
“As CB2 is highly abundant on immune cells, including T cells, and involved in cell proliferation and survival [15,16], it has been studied relatively more than CB1 for its protective effects in GvHD.”
Hwang, S., & Kim, T. (2025) · Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2025.10.006
Role of the endocannabinoid system in schizophrenia: From preclinical to human evidence
Martino, S. D., Białoń, M., Drago, F., Starowicz, K., & Micale, V. (2025) · Handbook of behavioral neuroscience · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-13908-6.00030-x
Cannabinoids to Fight Chemotherapy-Induced Adverse Effects
Bagüés, A., Benítez, D., & Abalo, R. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-032-00775-9_350
Fernandes, S. L. A., Gonçalves, Y. C., Rantin, F. T., Kalinin, A. L., Bassani, J. W. M., Bassani, R. A., Pereira, G. B., & Monteiro, D. A. (2025) · Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1007/s00424-025-03143-y
Associations Between Cannabis Use and Inflammatory Biomarkers Among People with HIV
Ruderman, S. A., Delaney, J. A., Crothers, K. A., Attia, E. F., Whitney, B. M., Napravnik, S., Bamford, L. P., Saag, M. S., Moore, R. D., Mayer, K. H., et al. (2026) · Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research · doi:10.1177/25785125261437619
Benkdane, M. (2012) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/45d1370fz6819z4b07zb446zd155483ab1de
Astruc‐Diaz, F. (2012) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/de9cec28z5760z44baz93c9zce536330b49f · Cited by 1
Mobilisation de l'acide arachidonique et sensibilité au peptide ß-amyloïde
Thomas, M. H. (2015) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/904987d5zc8c8z4104z95dfz2f7e680d8be3
“Dans le SNC, il se trouve principalement dans la microglie (Maresz et al., 2007; Cabral and Griffin-Thomas, 2009).”
Role of the type-1 cannabinoid receptor in the control of water intake
Zhao, Z. (2019) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/ca103186z8d92z4d94zaf67zcce657f39cd1
Cross-talk between melatonin type 1 and cannabinoid type 1 receptors
Cui, Y. (2022) · theses.fr (ABES) · doi:10.70675/3dab490dz44d1z43a6za1e7zf7daf8357d93
Elgohary, R., & Baraka, S. M. (2026) · Metabolic Brain Disease · doi:10.1007/s11011-026-01862-4
“Additionally, CB1Rs inhibit N-type calcium channels via directly interacted with inhibitory G-proteins (Cabral and Griffin-Thomas 2009).”
Engine, P. (2026) · Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research) · doi:10.5281/zenodo.20314488
Arida, R. E., Elkader, H. A. E. A., Abuiessa, S. A., Agami, M. A., Abdallah, S. M., Helmy, M. M., El‐Mallah, A., & EL‐Yazbi, A. F. (2026) · European Journal of Pharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.ejphar.2026.179097
Metadata
- Authors
- Cabral, G. A., & Griffin-Thomas, L.
- Affiliations
- Virginia Commonwealth University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Cabral, Guy A.
- Venue
- Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2009-01
- Volume
- 11
- Pages
- e3-e3
- ISSN
- 1462-3994 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC2768535
- OpenAlex
- W2023366312
- Cited by
- 408
- References
- 190
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 37 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 24 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 37 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 15 · 2014: 22 · 2013: 22 · 2012: 17
- FWCI
- 1.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Expert Reviews in Molecular Medicine (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- University of Cambridge
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Drug Abuse (DA005832, R01DA005832, R01DA029532)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology (medical) › Cannabis and Cannabinoid Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology (medical) › Pain Mechanisms and Treatments
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Physiology › Adenosine and Purinergic Signaling
- Keywords
- CB2 receptor, immune regulation, neuroinflammation, signal transduction, exogenous cannabinoids, immune homeostasis, neuropathy, hyperinflammation, therapeutic target
- MeSH terms
- Amino Acid Sequence, Animals, Humans, Inflammation, Molecular Sequence Data, Nervous System, Research, Neuroimmunomodulation, Receptor, Cannabinoid, CB2
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