How stress alters immune responses during respiratory infection
Abstract
Fall-weaned calves entering the feedlot experience a variety of psychological and physical stressors, including maternal separation, transportation, social mixing, restraint, and dietary changes. Mixing calves from multiple sources also exposes them to respiratory pathogens at a time when maternal immunity has waned. Using an experimental bovine respiratory disease (BRD) challenge, we analyzed the effects of specific stressors on clinical disease and immune responses following bovine herpes virus (BHV-1/IBR) infection of naïve calves. Transportation stress was compared to either abrupt weaning plus transportation or transportation following a two-step weaning process. Transportation alone significantly (P < 0.05) increased BHV-1 shedding in nasal secretions despite elevated interferon-gamma production in the upper respiratory tract. In contrast, abrupt weaning and transportation, significantly (P < 0.05) increased serum haptoglobin on day 3 post-infection (PI) and blood leukocyte tumor necrosis factor α secretion on day 5 PI. These systemic responses were reduced by instituting a two-step weaning process 4 days prior to transportation and BHV-1 infection. In conclusion, these observations are consistent with earlier studies implicating weaning and transportation as stressors contributing to BRD severity and mortality. Current studies also revealed that different stressors or combination of stressors have distinct effects on host responses to viral infection in naïve calves.
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The impact of altered physiological status and health of calves during and after transport is triggered by a combination of factors including reduced feed and water intake, increased physiological and physical stressors, muscle fatigue and immunosuppression.
“The impact of altered physiological status and health of calves during and after transport has been well documented and has been shown to be triggered by a combination of factors including a reduction in feed and water intake, and increased physiological and physical stressors, muscle fatigue and immunosuppression [3–9].”
From Observational study: effect of varying transport durations and feed withdrawal on the physiological status and health of dairy calves (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
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- Authors
- Griebel, P., Hill, K., & Stookey, J.
- Affiliations
- University of Saskatchewan (CA)
- Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, NJ, USA (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Griebel, Philip
- ORCID
- Griebel, Philip
- Venue
- Animal Health Research Reviews
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2014-12
- Volume
- 15
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 161-165
- ISSN
- 1466-2523 (ISSN-L)
- 1475-2654
- OpenAlex
- W1969577358
- Cited by
- 37
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 2 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 2.45
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Animal Health Research Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministry of Agriculture - Saskatchewan
- Canadian Institutes of Health Research
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal health and immunology
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Microbiology › Microbial infections and disease research
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Animal Behavior and Welfare Studies
- Keywords
- stress, bovine respiratory disease, calves, weaning, transport stress, bovine herpesvirus 1, infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, immune response, interferon-gamma, haptoglobin, TNF-α, viral shedding, maternal immunity, feedlot
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Animal Husbandry, Body Temperature, Body Weight, Cattle, Female, Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis, Maternal Deprivation, Stress, Psychological, Transportation, Weaning
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