The DOI matches its Crossref record; 99 of the 99 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
The Arab Spring: Why the Surprising Similarities with the Revolutionary Wave of 1848?
Abstract
Prominent scholars have highlighted important similarities between the Arab Spring of 2011 and the “revolutions” of 1848: Both waves of contention swept with dramatic speed across whole regions, but ended up yielding rather limited advances toward political liberalism and democracy. I seek to uncover the causal mechanisms that help account for these striking parallels. Drawing on my recent analysis of 1848, I argue that contention spread so quickly because many people in a wide range of countries drew rash inferences from the downfall of Tunisia's dictator. Applying cognitive heuristics that psychologists have documented, they overrated the significance of the Tunisian success, overestimated the similarities with the political situation in their own country, and jumped to the conclusion that they could successfully challenge their own autocrats. This precipitation prompted protests in many settings that actually were much less propitious; therefore problems abounded. Cognitive shortcuts held such sway because Arab societies were weakly organized and repressed and thus lacked leaders from whom common people could take authoritative cues. The decision whether to engage in emulative contention fell to ordinary citizens, who—due to limited information access and scarce experience—were especially susceptible to the simple inferences suggested by cognitive heuristics.
Overview
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
In the citing paper
“revolutionaries in states outside the original onset of the crisis often overstate the possibilities of revolutionary success, placing too much weight on dramatic news from elsewhere and drawing firm conclusions from relatively sparse information (Weyland 2012: 920-4)”
From Within and Beyond the “Fourth Generation” of Revolutionary Theory (2016) · cites this paper as Weyland 2012
Citations
Cites
Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases
(1982) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511809477 · Cited by 8,240
Judgment under uncertainty: List of contributors
Kahneman, D. J., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982) · Cited by 4,670
Judgment under uncertainty: Causality and attribution
Kahneman, D. J., Slovic, P., & Tversky, A. (1982) · Cited by 4,670
The New Transnational Activism
Tarrow, S. (2005) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511791055 · Cited by 2,494
(2002) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511808098 · Cited by 2,293
Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics
Tarrow, S. G. (2011) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511973529 · Cited by 1,932
Popkin, S. L. (1991) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226772875.001.0001 · Cited by 1,909
Morvan, C., & Jenkins, W. J. (2017) · Macat Library eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781912282562 · Cited by 1,891
Goodwin, J., Jasper, J. M., & Polletta, F. (2001) · University of Chicago Press eBooks · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226304007.001.0001 · Cited by 1,458
Logics of History: Social Theory and Social Transformation
Sewell Jr., W. H. (2005) · doi:10.7208/chicago/9780226749198.001.0001 · Cited by 1,410
Rational choice in an uncertain world
Dawes, R. M., & Kagan, J. (1988) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 1,291
Authoritarianism in an Age of Democratization
Brownlee, J. (2007) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511802348 · Cited by 1,070 · cited 1×
“52 Brownlee 2007, ch. 1, 3–4.”
The Dynamics of Informational Cascades: The Monday Demonstrations in Leipzig, East Germany, 1989–91
Lohmann, S. (1994) · World Politics · doi:10.2307/2950679 · Cited by 1,035
Osterhammel, J. (2009) · C.H.Beck eBooks · doi:10.17104/9783406615016 · Cited by 967
Kelly, L., & Booth, C. (2004) · Dictionary of Strategy: Strategic Management A-Z · doi:10.4135/9781452229805.n17 · Cited by 948
The Critical Mass in Collective Action
Marwell, G., & Oliver, P. E. (1993) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511663765 · Cited by 939
Reconsidering the Robustness of Authoritarianism in the Middle East: Lessons from the Arab Spring
Bellin, E. (2011) · Comparative Politics · doi:10.5129/001041512798838021 · Cited by 887
The Critical Mass in Collective Action.
Macy, M. W., Marwell, G., & Oliver, P. E. (1994) · Contemporary Sociology A Journal of Reviews · doi:10.2307/2074274 · Cited by 818
Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation
Kuran, T., & Sunstein, C. R. (1999) · Stanford Law Review · doi:10.2307/1229439 · Cited by 767
Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation
Sunstein, C. R., & Kuran, T. (1999) · eYLS (Yale Law School) · Cited by 755
Understanding Ethnic Violence: Fear, Hatred, and Resentment in Twentieth-Century Eastern Europe
Petersen, R. D. (2002) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511840661 · Cited by 740
Tilly, C., Tilly, L. A., & Tilly, R. (1975) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674434004 · Cited by 698
Beissinger, M. R. (2007) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592707070776 · Cited by 603
Authoritarianism in an age of democratization
Brownlee, J. M. (2008) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.45-3432 · Cited by 593
Defeating Authoritarian Leaders in Postcommunist Countries
Bunce, V. J., & Wolchik, S. L. (2011) · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511977404 · Cited by 567
The Upheavals in Egypt and Tunisia: The Role of Digital Media
Howard, P. N., & Hussain, M. (2011) · Journal of democracy · doi:10.1353/jod.2011.0041 · Cited by 537
Jones, B. D. (1999) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.2.1.297 · Cited by 521
Gilovich, T. D. (2002) · Cited by 513
Eley, G. (2002) · doi:10.1093/oso/9780195037845.001.0001 · Cited by 441
Kuran, T. (1998) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctvt1sgqt · Cited by 422
After Egypt: The Limits and Promise of Online Challenges to the Authoritarian Arab State
Lynch, M. (2011) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592711000910 · Cited by 388
Syria: From authoritarian upgrading to revolution
HINNEBUSCH, R. (2012) · International Affairs · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01059.x · Cited by 283
The Diffusion of Social Movements
Biggs, M., Andrews, K. T., Givan, R. K., Soule, S. A., & Roberts, K. M. (2010) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/cbo9780511761638 · Cited by 251
Hirschman, A. O. H. (2002) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400828265 · Cited by 244
Out of the Frying Pan into the Fire: Behavioral Reactions to Terrorist Attacks
Gigerenzer, G. (2006) · Risk Analysis · doi:10.1111/j.1539-6924.2006.00753.x · Cited by 236
Rational choice in an uncertain world
Mellers, B. A. (1990) · Journal of Mathematical Psychology · doi:10.1016/0022-2496(90)90036-9 · Cited by 235
The Diffusion of Revolution: ‘1848’ in Europe and Latin America
Weyland, K. (2009) · International Organization · doi:10.1017/s0020818309090146 · Cited by 233
Self-citationSocial Movements, Mobilization, and Contestation in the Middle East and North Africa
Kingston, P. J. (2012) · Comparative Studies of South Asia Africa and the Middle East · doi:10.1215/1089201x-1628890 · Cited by 233
The International Dimensions of Democratization
(2001) · doi:10.1093/0199243751.001.0001 · Cited by 191
Comparing the Arab Revolts: The Role of the Military
Barany, Z. D. (2011) · Journal of democracy · doi:10.1353/jod.2011.0069 · Cited by 182
Three International Dimensions of Democratization
(2001) · doi:10.1093/0199243751.003.0001 · Cited by 171
The 2011 uprisings in the Arab Middle East: political change and geopolitical implications
Dalacoura, K. (2012) · International Affairs · doi:10.1111/j.1468-2346.2012.01057.x · Cited by 161
The Youth and the Arab Spring: Cohort Differences and Similarities
Hoffman, M. T., & Jamal, A. (2012) · Middle East Law and Governance · doi:10.1163/187633712x632399 · Cited by 156
Debating Arab Authoritarianism
Schlumberger, O. (2007) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780804779616 · Cited by 154
Arab Uprisings, Armed Forces, and Civil–Military Relations
Lutterbeck, D. (2012) · Armed Forces & Society · doi:10.1177/0095327x12442768 · Cited by 153
Too Much Civil Society, Too Little Politics: Egypt and Liberalizing Arab Regimes
Langohr, V. (2004) · Comparative Politics · doi:10.2307/4150142 · Cited by 152
The New Authoritarianism in the Middle East and North Africa
King, S. J. (2009) · Indiana University Press eBooks · doi:10.2307/j.ctv10sm8vz · Cited by 146
Adaptable autocrats: regime power in Egypt and Syria
(2012) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.50-1709 · Cited by 146
The Political Mobilization of the European Left, 1860-1980
Hoffmann, S. H., & Bartolini, S. (2001) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20050110 · Cited by 137
The Clash of Ideas in World Politics
Owen, J. M. (2010) · Princeton University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9781400836765 · Cited by 133
The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life
Owen, R. (2012) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674065413 · Cited by 133
Social media, social movements and the diffusion of ideas in the Arab uprisings
Rane, H., & Salem, S. (2012) · Journal of International Communication · doi:10.1080/13216597.2012.662168 · Cited by 125
Anderson, L. (2011) · Foreign Affairs · Cited by 125
Stacher, J. (2020) · Stanford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1515/9780804782098 · Cited by 117
Why We Were Surprised (Again) by the Arab Spring
Goodwin, J. (2011) · Swiss Political Science Review · doi:10.1111/j.1662-6370.2011.02045.x · Cited by 115
Kurzman, C. (1998) · Studies in Comparative International Development · doi:10.1007/bf02788194 · Cited by 100
Comparing the Arab Revolts: The Lessons of 1989
Way, L. (2011) · Journal of Democracy · doi:10.1353/jod.2011.0068 · Cited by 89
Europe in 1848: revolution and reform
Dowe, D. (2001) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.39-1813 · Cited by 79
Understanding the revolutions of 2011
Goldstone, J. Α. (2011) · Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology) · Cited by 78
Arab Revolutions and the Social Media Effect
Harb, Z. (2011) · M/C Journal · doi:10.5204/mcj.364 · Cited by 77
Democracy Denied, 1905-1915: Intellectuals and the Fate of Democracy
KURZMAN, C. (2008) · doi:10.4159/9780674039858 · Cited by 77
The Rise and Fall of Arab Presidents for Life
Owen, R. (2014) · Harvard University Press eBooks · doi:10.4159/harvard.9780674504882 · Cited by 73
Cairo: My City, Our Revolution
Soueif, A. (2012) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 63
Translating Egypt's Revolution
(2012) · doi:10.5743/cairo/9789774165337.001.0001 · Cited by 57
Th e Arab “Youth Quake”: Implications on Democratization and Stability
Al-Momani, M. (2011) · Middle East Law and Governance · doi:10.1163/187633711x591521 · Cited by 56
Traugott, M. (2010) · University of California Press eBooks · doi:10.1525/9780520947733 · Cited by 55
The Middle East and North Africa
Cavatorta, F. (2015) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9780203148433.ch5 · Cited by 54
Collective Action Cascades: An Informational Rationale for the Power in Numbers
Lohmann, S. (2000) · Journal of Economic Surveys · doi:10.1111/1467-6419.00128 · Cited by 52
(2001) · Berghahn Books · doi:10.2307/j.ctv27tctcq · Cited by 51
Strength and vulnerability after Egypt's Arab Spring uprisings
HAMDY, S. F. (2012) · American Ethnologist · doi:10.1111/j.1548-1425.2011.01345.x · Cited by 49
Anglo-American Primacy and the Global Spread of Democracy: An International Genealogy
Narizny, K. (2012) · World Politics · doi:10.1017/s004388711200007x · Cited by 48
Young and Restless Can Be a Volatile Mix
Hvistendahl, M. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.333.6042.552 · Cited by 35
Getting to Pluralism: Political Actors in the Arab World
Ottaway, M. S., & Hamzawy, A. (2012) · Cited by 30
Nasser, A. (1955) · Foreign Affairs · doi:10.2307/20031089 · Cited by 30
Ajami, F., & Herbert (2012) · Cited by 28
T he S yrian U prising of 2011: W hy the A sad R egime I s L ikely to S urvive to 2013
Landis, J. M. (2012) · Middle East Policy · doi:10.1111/j.1475-4967.2012.00524.x · Cited by 26
Maddy‐Weitzman, B. (2012) · Middle East Quarterly · Cited by 25
Social Media, Human Rights and Political ChangePreprint
Joseph, S. (2011) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.1856880 · Cited by 25
Rashed, M. A., & Azzazi, I. E. (2011) · Anthropology Today · doi:10.1111/j.1467-8322.2011.00798.x · Cited by 25
Liberty, Democracy, and Discord in Egypt
Masoud, T. E. (2011) · The Washington Quarterly · doi:10.1080/0163660x.2011.610717 · Cited by 23
Building Democratic Institutions
Rose, R., Gati, C., Shugart, M. S., et al. (2024) · Routledge eBooks · doi:10.4324/9781003580881-8 · Cited by 23
Dixon, M. W. (2011) · Review of African Political Economy · doi:10.1080/03056244.2011.582766 · Cited by 22
The Muslim Brotherhood and Democratic Transition in Egypt
Wickham, C. R. (2011) · Middle East Law and Governance · doi:10.1163/187633711x591558 · Cited by 21
The Year of the Arab Uprisings
Puddington, A. (2012) · Journal of democracy · doi:10.1353/jod.2012.0032 · Cited by 20
The Collapse of Middle Eastern Authoritarianism: breaking the barriers of fear and power
Salamey, I., & Pearson, F. S. (2012) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2012.674702 · Cited by 20
Adelman, J. R. (1986) · Praeger eBooks · doi:10.5040/9798216988243 · Cited by 20
Lynch, M. (2012) · Cited by 19
Out of the Frying Pan into the Fire?
Moss, W. T. (1976) · Radiology · doi:10.1148/118.3.741 · Cited by 18
Cavatorta, F. (2013) · Mediterranean Politics · doi:10.1080/13629395.2013.761480 · Cited by 12
Of Drama and Performance: Transformative Discourses of the Revolution
Gribbon, L., & Hawas, S. (2012) · doi:10.5743/cairo/9789774165337.003.0003 · Cited by 12
The Eclipse of Arab Authoritarianism and the Challenge of Popular Sovereignty
Khashan, H. (2012) · Third World Quarterly · doi:10.1080/01436597.2012.687509 · Cited by 9
Diffusion Waves in European Democratization: The Impact of Organizational Development
Weyland, K. G. (2012) · Comparative Politics · doi:10.5129/001041512802822842 · Cited by 7
Self-citationGoldstone, J. Α. (1986) · Cited by 7
An Arab Spring south of the Sahara?
Clark, P. (2012) · Public Policy Research · doi:10.1111/j.1744-540x.2012.00687.x · Cited by 5
Cascades in Cairo: The Role of Facebook and Twitter in the Egyptian Revolution of 2011
Solomon, S. (2012) · DigitalGeorgetown (Georgetown University Library) · Cited by 4
China and the Revolutions in the Middle East and North Africa
Peerenboom, R. (2011) · Middle East Law and Governance · doi:10.1163/187633711x591549 · Cited by 3
Nous sommes tous des primates !
Cobb, M. A. (2010) · Books · doi:10.3917/books.013.0025 · Cited by 2
Mulid al-Tahrir: Semiotics of a Revolution
Taha, A., & Combs, C. (2012) · Translating Egypt's Revolution · doi:10.5743/cairo/9789774165337.003.0002
Research works printed but not linked: 13
- Nunns, 2011, Tweets from Tahrir
- Nordhausen, 2011, Die arabische Revolution
- 10.1525/california/9780520266322.001.0001 · DOI
- Tsebelis, 1990, Nested Games
- Huntington, 1991, The Third Wave
- Heibach, 2011, Die arabische Revolution
- Ghonim, 2012, Revolution 2.0: A Memoir
- Feiler, 2011, Generation Freedom
- Brownlee, After the Awakening: Revolt, Reform, and Renewal in the Arab World
- Asseburg, 2012, Protest, Revolt, and Regime Change in the Arab World
- Albrecht, 2007, Debating Arab Authoritarianism
- Schmid, 2011, Die arabische Revolution
- Aday, 2012, New Media and Conflict after the Arab Spring
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Autocratic Breakdown and Regime Transitions: A New Data Set
Geddes, B., Wright, J., & Frantz, E. (2014) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592714000851 · Cited by 1,567
Spontaneous Collective Action: Peripheral Mobilization During the Arab Spring
STEINERT-THRELKELD, Z. (2017) · American Political Science Review · doi:10.1017/s0003055416000769 · Cited by 345
“…social media—facilitates mobilization by making it easier for peripheral members to learn of other protests or coordinate without core social network actors (Hale 2013; Warren 2014; Weyland 2012); if that is the case, core social network members may have driven mobilization in earlier centuries.”
BackgroundThe politics of policy diffusion
Gilardi, F., & Wasserfallen, F. (2019) · European Journal of Political Research · doi:10.1111/1475-6765.12326 · Cited by 259
“Prominent examples are the diffusion of free market policies (Simmons & Elkins 2004; Meseguer 2009), same-sex marriage (Kollman 2007; Fernandez & Lutter, 2013; Mitchell & Petray 2016), protests in the Arab Spring (Weyland 2012) and national conservative forces (Rooduijn 2014; Van Hauwaert 2018), to name just a few.”
BackgroundInfluentialEmotions and the Microfoundations of the Arab Uprisings
Pearlman, W. (2013) · Perspectives on Politics · doi:10.1017/s1537592713001072 · Cited by 382
Learning and the diffusion of regime contention in the Arab Spring
Bamert, J., Gilardi, F., & Wasserfallen, F. (2015) · Research & Politics · doi:10.1177/2053168015593306 · Cited by 215
“Several qualitative studies provide empirical evidence for the relevance of bounded learning in the Arab Spring (Cooley and Nexon, 2011; Dalacoura, 2012; Herb, 2014; Heydemann and Leenders, 2011; Lutterbeck, 2012; Lynch, 2013; Weyland, 2012).”
BackgroundResultInfluential
Metadata
- Authors
- Weyland, K.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Weyland, Kurt
- ORCID
- Weyland, Kurt
- Venue
- Perspectives on Politics
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-12
- Volume
- 10
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 917-934
- ISSN
- 1537-5927 (ISSN-L)
- 1541-0986
- OpenAlex
- W2091445573
- Semantic Scholar
- 024a79f927e3d57f32c3d96f3eae4f5a2eccddb1
- Cited by
- 333
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 22 · 2024: 37 · 2023: 27 · 2022: 37 · 2021: 46 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 52 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 11
- FWCI
- 43.25
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Perspectives on Politics (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Middle East and Rwanda Conflicts
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Political Conflict and Governance
- Social Sciences › Political Science and International Relations › Arab Spring and North African Politics
- Keywords
- Arab Spring, Revolutions of 1848, cognitive heuristics, political contagion, authoritarian regimes, Tunisia, political liberalization, democratic transition, information scarcity, authoritarian repression
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review