The Structure of Intersectionality: A Comparative Politics of Gender

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

In some ways, women of color are disadvantaged as women of color.

“In some ways, women of color are disadvantaged as women of color; poor women are disadvantaged as poor women.”

• cites Collins 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Crenshaw 1991 sourceSupported
• cites Harris 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Poor women are disadvantaged as poor women.

“In some ways, women of color are disadvantaged as women of color; poor women are disadvantaged as poor women.”

• cites Collins 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Crenshaw 1991 sourcePartly supported

  In “Structural Intersectionality and Battering” (pp. 2–3 of our copy), Crenshaw describes poverty-related burdens arising from gender and class oppression and explains that class shapes women of color’s experiences. The passage focuses on women of color facing battering, however; it does not make the same general claim about poor women as a group. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Harris 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims.

These marks of the female condition are race or class specific-they are not shared by all women.

“But these marks of the female condition are nevertheless race or class specific-they are not shared by all women, and may not even be visible unless we focus on specific race-class-gender groups.”

• cites Collins 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Crenshaw 1991 sourceSupported
• cites Harris 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

We cannot understand the ways that women are disadvantaged as women nor the ways that people of color are oppressed unless we examine the ways these structures interact.

“Indeed, theorists of intersectionality insist that we cannot understand the ways that women are disadvantaged as women nor the ways that people of color are oppressed unless we examine the ways these structures interact.”

• cites Collins 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Crenshaw 1991 sourcePartly supported

  The Introduction (pp. 1–2) says that treating “woman” and “person of color” as separate categories obscures the experiences of women of color. It supports examining how racism and sexism interact, but the claim extends that point to understanding the disadvantage of women and the oppression of people of color generally, beyond the paper’s stated focus. (LLM, conf=0.79)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Harris 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Intersectional effects are by definition effects that cannot be derived as any function of gender, race, and class considered independently.

“But it is important to note that intersectional effects are by definition effects that cannot be derived as any function of gender, race, and class considered independently (Crenshaw 1991;Harris 1990).”

• cites Crenshaw 1991 sourcePartly supported

  In the Introduction (p. 2), Crenshaw says many Black women’s experiences cannot be captured wholly by examining race or gender separately. In Structural Intersectionality (pp. 2–3), she also says the class dimension is not independent of race and gender. These passages support the core point, but do not define intersectional effects as categorically impossible to derive from any function of the three factors considered independently. (LLM, conf=0.82)

  Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
• cites Harris 1990 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

May combine two claims. The quote only partly states this claim.

In Australia, the norm of neutrality has been weakened by tolerance for sectional interest advocates within the bureaucracy, enabling feminists to create women's policy agencies and develop policies addressing women's inequality.

“Historically, the norm of neutrality has always been in operation within the Australian public sector, but it has been weakened by a tolerance for advocates of sectional interests to work within the bureaucracy to advance their aims.”

The quote only partly states this claim.

In Canada and the United Kingdom, stronger neutrality norms have obstructed feminists' engagement with the civil service and a femocrat project.

“By contrast, in both Canada and the United Kingdom, feminists wanting to engage with the civil service have been confronted with the operation of stronger neutrality norms.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Extant research shows that women acting as women dominate or exclude other women; women have conflicting interests as women; women do not mutually identify as women.

“In some cases, extant research shows, women acting as women dominate or exclude other women; women have conflicting interests as women; women do not mutually identify as women.”

• cites Collins 1990Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Crenshaw 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Hurtado 1989 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Much comparative analysis of gender delineates the ways that gender norms and practices vary across groups of women and men as well as across nations, regions, generations, and cultural groups.

“Indeed, much comparative analysis of gender delineates the ways that gender norms and practices vary across groups of women and men as well as across nations, regions, generations, and cultural groups (Duncan 1995(Duncan , 1996;;Inglehart and Norris 2003;Lewis 1993).”

• cites Duncan 1995 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Inglehart and Norris 2003Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Lewis 1993Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The supports within departments and academic institutions for parents in the field are virtually nonexistent.

“The supports within departments and academic institutions for parents in the field are virtually nonexistent.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Comparative politics has changed very little with respect to gender perspectives.

“But even given the newness of the field, comparative politics has changed very little with respect to gender perspectives.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Female peace activists were central to Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf's successful 2005 bid for the presidency in Liberia.

“Female peace activists were central to Ellen Johnson-Sirleaf's successful 2005 bid for the presidency in Liberia, ushering in the first hope the country has had in decades for stability and democratization.”

May combine two claims.

Comparative political scientists working on gender publish in women's studies journals, area studies journals, single-issue journals, second-tier political science journals, journals of other disciplines, and political science journals abroad.

“my research found that comparative political scientists working on gender are publishing in women's studies journals, such as International Feminist Journal of Politics, Differences, Gender and Development, Feminist Economics, Feminist Review, Signs, and Women's Studies International Forum.They are publishing in area studies journals and in single-issue”

• Also stated in: § Too Few for Impact · plain

  “They are also publishing in second-tier political science journals, in journals of other disciplines (e.g., Gender and Society, Social Politics, Contemporary Sociology, Politics and Society), and in political science journals abroad.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Even cross-national studies suffer from a lack of data from major swaths of the world, making these studies incomplete and unrepresentative of global trends and regional differences.

“Even cross-national studies suffer from a lack of data from major swaths of the world, making these studies incomplete and unrepresentative of global trends and regional differences.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The new methodologically driven trends in political science have lessened the interest in country-based fieldwork that would produce the kind of research that would elicit more in-depth understanding of gender processes.

“The new methodologically driven trends in political science have lessened the interest in country-based fieldwork that would produce the kind of research that would elicit more in-depth understanding of gender processes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In Sierra Leone, women were the only group that openly defied soldiers as they demonstrated to demand that free elections be held when rumors began to circulate that the military might postpone the February 1996 elections.

“In Sierra Leone, women were the only group that openly defied soldiers as they demonstrated to demand that free elections be held when rumors began to circulate that the military might postpone the February 1996 elections.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In Mali, thousands of demonstrating women and children were shot at by forces of President Moussa Traoré in a series of events that led to his downfall.

“In Mali, thousands of demonstrating women and children were shot at by forces of President Moussa Traoré in a series of events that led to his downfall.”

May combine two claims.

Of men who became fathers in this same time period, 77% earned tenure, while of the men who never had babies, 71% got tenure.

“Of men who became fathers in this same time period, 77% earned tenure, while of the men who never had babies, “only” 71% got tenure.”

• cites Mary Ann Mason and Marc GouldenNot matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

In Uganda, women's groups sent in more memoranda to the Constitutional Commission than any other sector of civil society.

“In Uganda, women's groups sent in more memoranda to the Constitutional Commission than any other sector of civil society.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Most scholars of democratization, and those working on Africa, have gone out of their way to ignore the role of women in African democratization efforts to the detriment of their own studies.

“To return to my example, I am still stunned by the fact that most scholars of democratization, and those working on Africa, in particular, have gone out of their way to ignore the role of women in African democratization efforts to the detriment of their own studies.”

May combine two claims.

In 2004, half (35 of 66) of all books on women and politics reviewed in Women's Review of Books were comparative, although not all were by political scientists.

“In 2004, of all books on women and politics reviewed in Women's Review of Books, half (35 out of 66) were comparative, although not all were by political scientists.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In Kenya in the early 1990s, women were at the forefront of protests defending imprisoned human rights activists and found themselves in violent clashes with police.

“In Kenya in the early 1990s, women were at the forefront of protests defending imprisoned human rights activists and found themselves in violent clashes with police.”

May combine two claims.

In 2004, Johns Hopkins, Rutgers, Duke, and Cambridge university presses each published three gender-related comparative politics books, while Indiana, Michigan, Pittsburgh, and Oxford each published one.

“Of the university presses-Johns Hopkins, Rutgers, Duke, and Cambridge-all published three books each in this area in 2004, while Indiana, Michigan, Pittsburgh, and Oxford each published only one.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

Academic expectations and norms were not established with academic mothers in mind, nor have they been sufficiently modified.

“Academic expectations and norms were not established with academic mothers in mind, nor have they been sufficiently modified as more women have entered academia.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There is too little scholarship focusing on gender and on women from a comparative perspective for us to have a significant impact in our field.

“There is too little scholarship focusing on gender and on women from a comparative perspective for us to have a significant impact in our field.”

May combine two claims.

Most comparativists in the United States have written about these processes of democratization in Africa as if women were of no consequence, and they have done so to the detriment of their scholarship.

“Most comparativists in the United States have written about these processes of democratization in Africa as if women were of no consequence, and they have done so to the detriment of their scholarship (e.g., Bratton and van de Walle 1997;Clark and Gardinier 1997;Joseph 1999;Ottaway 1997, just to cite a few of the widely read books and edited collections on democratization in Africa).”

• cites Bratton and van de Walle 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Clark and Gardinier 1997Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

• cites Joseph 1999Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

The focus of comparative politics gender research is still too focused on Europe and North America, and therefore by definition incomplete.

“The focus of comparative politics gender research is still too focused on Europe and North America, and therefore by definition incomplete.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

Academic norms and expectations are not compatible with active parenting, let alone doing international research at the same time.

“Academic norms and expectations, especially for graduate students and junior faculty, are not compatible with active parenting, let alone doing international research at the same time.”

May combine two claims.

Between 1991 and 2000, the American Political Science Review published 225 articles using statistical methods and 88 articles employing mathematical modeling, while only five articles used empirical qualitative methods.

“between 1991 and 2000, the American Political Science Review published 225 articles using statistical methods and 88 articles employing mathematical modeling, while only five articles in this same period used empirical qualitative methods.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

The literature on state feminism has evolved primarily in the context of North American and European democracies.

“Take, for example, the literature on state feminism, which has evolved primarily in the context of North American and European democracies.”

May combine two claims.

The majority of studies explaining women's legislative representation have concentrated on Western Europe and North America, where explanations focusing on electoral systems, district and party magnitude, and ideological orientation of political parties have been well established.

“Thus, it is no surprise that the majority of studies explaining women's legislative representation have concentrated on Western Europe and North America, where explanations focusing on electoral systems, district and party magnitude, and the ideological orientation of political parties have been well established.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Many comparativist gender and politics scholars often use ethnographic methodologies, in-depth interviews, snowball surveys, and/or focus groups, and focus on individual countries.

“The fact that many comparativist gender and politics scholars often use ethnographic methodologies, in-depth interviews, snowball surveys, and/or focus groups, and focus on individual countries”

May combine two claims.

Databases are incomplete at best and, for many categories, the data simply do not exist.

“Databases are incomplete at best and, for many categories, the data simply do not exist.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Many comparativist gender and politics scholars adopt interdisciplinary approaches, which take a lot of time to develop and involve a lot of self-training.

“They often adopt interdisciplinary approaches, which take a lot of time to develop and involve a lot of self-training.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

Despite easy Internet access and e-mail communication, links between scholars in the global North and South seem fairly weak.

“Finally, despite today's easy Internet access and e-mail communication, the links between scholars in the global North and South seem to be fairly weak.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Research networks and linkages around gender issues are stronger across the Atlantic and within Europe, but much weaker across other continents.

“The research networks and linkages around gender issues are stronger across the Atlantic and within Europe, but much weaker across other continents.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Within the Latin American context, the debates were different but the framework remained a democratic one.

“Within the Latin American context, the debates were different but the framework remained a democratic one.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

The process of gender is complex, playing out differently in similar institutions in different polities and different institutions within the same polity.

“What we know already is that the process of gender is complex, playing out differently in similar institutions in different polities and different institutions within the same polity.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Any complete analysis of gender relations must consider the many different ways that gender norms and practices shape and are shaped by the actions of all people, including women and men of all races and classes.

“Any complete analysis of gender relations, then, must consider the many different ways that gender norms and practices shape and are shaped by the actions of all people, including women and men of all races and classes.”

May combine two claims.

Political institutions produce outcomes such as policies, legislation, and rulings that are shaped by gender norms, and these outcomes in turn help reproduce broader social and political gender expectations.

“Moreover, political institutions also produce outcomes-polices, legislation, rulings-that are shaped by gender norms: outcomes which, in turn, help to re/produce broader social and political gender expectations.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

Gender analysis must incorporate analysis of race, class, sexuality, and other axes of disadvantage, and explore interactions among them.

“In order to illuminate the various ways that women and men are advantaged and disadvantaged as women and men, gender analysis must incorporate analysis of race, class, sexuality, and other axes of disadvantage, and explore interactions among them.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There is no guarantee that shifts within institutions are ever permanent.

“However, a note of caution should be sounded here as there is no guarantee that shifts within institutions are ever permanent.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

These axes are defined differently in different national contexts, so examining variation across national borders illuminates the variety of social arrangements consistent with human biology, thereby denaturalizing and politicizing gender, racial/ethnic, and class relations.

“These axes are defined differently in different national contexts, and so examining variation across national borders illuminates the variety of social arrangements that are consistent with human biology: This type of analysis thereby denaturalizes and politicizes gender, racial/ethnic, and class relations (among others).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

The pervasive character of gender norms and roles is what makes gender a valuable category of political analysis.

“The pervasive character of gender norms and roles is what makes gender such a valuable category of political analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

There are other ways of thinking about how systems of gender, race, and class interact that are consistent with the core of the concept of intersectionality.

“There are other ways of thinking about how systems of gender, race, and class interact that are consistent with the core of the concept of intersectionality.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Structural analysis is required by the idea of intersectionality.

“It is not often recognized that structural analysis is required by the idea of intersectionality: It is the intersection of social structures, not identities, to which the concept refers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

If gender as a social structure has no independent effects, then it is hard to see what justifies an analytic focus on gender as a category, as opposed to, say, gender-race, or gender-race-class.

“If gender as a social structure has no independent effects, then it is hard to see what justifies an analytic focus on gender as a category, as opposed to, say, gender-race, or gender-race-class.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

We could theoretically specify intersectional relationships among gender, race, and class structures in a number of different ways.

“In other words, we could theoretically specify intersectional relationships among gender, race, and class structures in a number of different ways.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

We cannot conceptualize 'interstices' unless we have a concept of the structures that intersect to create these points of interaction.

“We cannot conceptualize “interstices” unless we have a concept of the structures that intersect to create these points of interaction.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

If gender as a principle of social organization cannot be fully understood without an examination of the interaction between social structures, and if women are structurally disadvantaged as women in class- and race-specific ways, then a structural approach to gender analysis requires some account of this structural interaction.

“If gender as a principle of social organization cannot be fully understood without an examination of the interaction between social structures, and if women are structurally disadvantaged as women in classand race-specific ways, then a structural approach to gender analysis requires some account of this structural interaction.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

A variety of possible relations between axes of domination are consistent with the ideas of intersectionality.

“But a variety of possible relations between axes of domination are consistent with these ideas.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Precluding the possibility of autonomous effects assumes that systems of race, class, and gender always work together seamlessly as a single system, and never have any significant independent effects.

“Precluding the possibility of autonomous effects assumes that systems of race, class, and gender always work together seamlessly as a single system, and never have any significant independent effects.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The concept of intersectionality refers to the intersection of social structures, not identities.

“It is not often recognized that structural analysis is required by the idea of intersectionality: It is the intersection of social structures, not identities, to which the concept refers.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Macrolevel analysis need not imply shared identities across gender, race, or class groups.

“Moreover, I agree that such macrolevel analysis need not imply shared identities across gender, race, or class groups.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Making claims about the relative salience of race, class, or gender requires the existence of identifiably separate dynamics for each of these axes.

“Making such claims requires the existence of identifiably separate dynamics for each of these axes.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

One would not expect every aspect of a single social structure, much less the complex interactions among social structures, to be fully visible in any individual's experience.

“Indeed, one would not expect every aspect of a single social structure, much less the complex interactions among social structures, to be fully visible in any individual's experience.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

Some quantitative researchers seem to assume that intersectional effects are the same as multiplicative effects.

“Sometimes quantitative researchers seem to assume that intersectional effects are the same as multiplicative effects (the convention of calling such effects interaction effects probably contributes to this confusion).”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

A combination of analytic strategies will be required in order to paint a full picture of the politics of gender.

“Thus, a combination of analytic strategies will be required in order to paint a full picture of the politics of gender.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

This indeterminacy points to the need for further theorization and specification of these relationships in reference to particular contexts and questions.

“This indeterminacy points to the need for further theorization and specification of these relationships in reference to particular contexts and questions, not the rejection of work on intersectionality or on the interrelationship of gender, race, and class.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

Affirming the importance of intersectional dimensions of gender, race, and class need not imply that these axes of inequality have no independent effects.

“Moreover, affirming the importance of intersectional dimensions of gender, race, and class need not imply that these axes of inequality have no independent effects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

As currently conceptualized, the concept of intersectionality is indeterminate as to the interrelationship of social structures.

“Rather, I am trying to point out that as it is currently conceptualized, the concept of intersectionality is indeterminate as to the interrelationship of social structures.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The idea of intersectionality suggests that there is a third type of effect, one that is not a function of x1 and x2.

“So the idea of intersectionality suggests that there is a third type of effect, one that is not a function of x 1 and x 2 , say, x 3 .”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The investigation of the interaction of gender, race, and class could include additive, multiplicative, and intersectional effects.

“The investigation of the interaction of gender, race, and class could include additive, multiplicative, and intersectional effects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

An intersectional approach requires a structural approach to gender analysis.

“In this essay, I have argued that far from precluding attention to difference, an intersectional approach requires a structural approach to gender analysis.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Most of the writing about intersectionality derives from the work of women of color in the United States.

“For example, most of the writing about intersectionality derives from the work of women of color in the United States.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

We can best explore multiplicative effects by examining how the independent effects revealed in an autonomous analysis of each structure combine to mitigate or exacerbate one another's effects.

“We can best explore multiplicative effects by examining how the independent effects revealed in an autonomous analysis of each structure combine to mitigate or exacerbate one another's effects.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

The probable variation in the ways that gender, race, and class are defined and the way they interact makes comparative analysis especially valuable for understanding gender politics.

“The probable variation in the ways that gender, race, and class are defined and the way they interact makes comparative analysis especially valuable for understanding gender politics.”

May combine two claims.

In the top 57 doctoral programs, 66% had quantitative methods requirements, while only 16% had foreign language requirements.

“Peregrine Schwartz-Shea (2005) found that in the top 57 doctoral programs, 66% had quantitative methods requirements, while only 16% had foreign language requirements.”

• cites Schwartz-Shea (2005)Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

It is possible that the relationship among these different structures varies over space and time.

“It is also possible that the relationship among these different structures varies over space and time.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

The interaction of these different structures likely varies across groups and nations and over time.

“Indeed, the interaction of these different structures likely varies across groups and nations and over time.”

May combine two claims.

Women did worse while men did better having children in the years after receiving their Ph.D.

“Thus, women did worse while men did better having children in the years after receiving their Ph.D.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

We can best explore additive effects by examining each axis of inequality separately.

“We can best explore additive effects by examining each axis of inequality (gender, race, class, sexuality, etc.) separately.”

May combine two claims.

Methodological trends in research may be serving to stifle research in comparative gender politics, even as the needs remain great for more quantitative studies related to gender.

“Methodological trends in research may also be serving to stifle research in this area, even as the needs remain great for more quantitative studies related to gender.”

• AssumptionRests on an assumption: Greater methodological pluralism in political science is desirable.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based).

We can best detect intersectional effects by comparing how social structures interact to create particular injustices and problems for particular intersectionally disadvantaged or privileged groups of women.

“We can best detect intersectional effects by comparing how social structures interact to create particular injustices and problems for particular intersectionally disadvantaged or privileged groups of women, for example, immigrant or refugee women, women working in sweatshops, or female celebrities.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Some theorists do recommend an intersectionality-only approach.

“I want to emphasize that although some theorists do recommend an intersectionality-only approach, my argument is not that such an approach is required or follows from the concept of intersectionality itself.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

It points to the need for further theoretical and empirical investigation of the structure of intersectionality.

“It points to the need for further theoretical and empirical investigation of the structure of intersectionality, of the interaction of structures of gender, race, class, and other axes of inequality.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Comparative analysis is key to illuminating the range of variation in structures of gender, race, class, and other axes of domination, the ways in which these structures interact, and the wide array of strategies for resistance and reform.

“But comparative analysis is key to illuminating the range of variation in structures of gender, race, class, and other axes of domination, the ways in which these structures interact, and the wide array of strategies for resistance and reform.”

May combine two claims.

In some times or places, systems of race and class may undermine each other, while in other places they reinforce each other.

“In some times or places, systems of race and class may undermine each other, while in other places they reinforce each other.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

The existence of new and older diasporas in the United States facilitates some linkages between scholars in the global North and South.

“The existence of new and older diasporas in the United States facilitates some of these linkages”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

Stetson found in comparative studies of abortion policy in Europe and North America that women's movements had the most policy impact when left-wing parties were in power and when the movements were closely aligned to leftist parties.

“Stetson found in comparative studies of abortion policy in Europe and North America that women's movements had the most policy impact when left-wing parties were in power and when the movements were closely aligned to the leftist parties.”

• cites Stetson 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

It may be easier for those with joint appointments to adopt a broader range of methods, but not so easy for those working on gender and politics solely within their departments.

“It may be easier for those with joint appointments to adopt a broader range of methods, but not so easy for those working on gender and politics solely within their departments.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Without field research on the ground, cross-national comparative theories can potentially remain stale, uninformed, and thin.

“Without that work on the ground, the cross-national comparative theories can potentially remain stale, uninformed, and thin.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

In other cases, policies in nondemocratic states have been used to obtain women's votes, create new patronage networks, or curry support on a world stage.

“In other cases, the policies have been used to obtain women's votes, to create new patronage networks, or to curry support on a world stage.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

Our work and that of colleagues abroad, both empirically and theoretically, is incomplete and much thinner than it need be.

“Thus, our work and that of our colleagues abroad, both empirically and theoretically, is incomplete and much thinner than it need be.”

Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

The lack of connectedness and mutual exchange impedes comparative analysis above all.

“The lack of connectedness and mutual exchange impedes comparative analysis above all.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

It was also necessary that women's movements were unified around their demands and placed those demands high on their agenda.

“It was also necessary that women's movements were unified around their demands and placed those demands high on their agenda.”

• cites Stetson 2001Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S4 (based). May combine two claims.

Concepts that have evolved in one context do not always travel well or would need their meanings expanded to be of comparative use.

“Concepts that have evolved in one context do not always travel well or would need their meanings expanded to be of comparative use.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Sometimes policies in nondemocratic states have served symbolic purposes to signal political sympathies of the establishment or ruling party in the context of an Islamicist challenge.

“Sometimes these policies have served symbolic purposes to signal the political sympathies of the establishment or ruling party in the context of an Islamicist challenge.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Much of the debate dealt with the role of state feminism and femocrats, a debate that was a product of some successes of the women's movement in institutionalizing their objectives.

“Much of the debate dealt with the role of state feminism and femocrats, a debate that ironically was a product of some of the successes of the women's movement in institutionalizing their objectives (Baldez 2002, Rios Tobar 2003, Waylen 1996).”

• cites Baldez 2002 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Rios Tobar 2003 sourceNot checked — no full text of the source
• cites Waylen 1996Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

These policies have also served the purposes of state legitimation.

“They have also served the purposes of state legitimation.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

In-depth case studies explain mechanisms of processes uncovered in cross-national studies; they can help develop theories that can be tested more generally and assist in making sense of quantitative findings.

“The in-depth case studies explain the mechanisms of processes uncovered in cross-national studies; they can help develop theories that can be tested more generally and assist in making sense of quantitative findings.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

Studies of state feminism within democracies have assumed that society was interested in engaging the state because the state had the will and capacity to respond to societal pressures.

“Studies of state feminism within democracies have assumed that society was interested in engaging the state because the state had the will and the capacity to respond to societal pressures.”

Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

Stetson and Mazur (1995) found in their comparative study of North America, Europe, and Australia that women's policy machineries had considerable impact when the state was defined as a site of social justice and had institutional capacity to respond to new demands for equality.

“Dorothy McBride Stetson and Amy Mazur (1995) found in their comparative study of North America, Europe, and Australia that women's policy machineries had considerable impact when the state was defined as a site of social justice and had the institutional capacity to respond to new demands for equality.”

• cites Stetson and Mazur 1995Not matched

  Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.