“Leaving it to chance”—Passive risk taking in everyday life
Open accessAbstract
While risk research focuses on actions that put people at risk, this paper introduces the concept of “passive risk”—risk brought on or magnified by inaction. We developed a scale measuring personal tendency for passive risk taking (PRT), validated it using a 150 undergraduate student sample, and obtained three factors indicating separate domains of passive risk taking: risk involving resources, medical risks and ethical risks. The scale has criterion validity, as it is correlated with reported passive risk taking in everyday life, and also has high test-retest reliability. While correlated with the DOSPERT scale, the PRT shows divergent validity from classic risk taking constructs like sensation seeking, and convergent validity with tendencies previously not linked to risk taking, such as procrastination and avoidance. The results indicate that passive risk is a separate and unique domain of risk taking, which merits further research to understand the cognitive and motivational mechanism perpetuating it.
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A prior study found no evidence of a correlation between risk attitude measured by the DOSPERT scale and self-reported procrastination tendency measured by the Lay Procrastination Scale.
“A prior study38 found no evidence of a correlation between the risk attitude measured by the Domain-Specific Risk-Taking (DOSPERT) scale39 and self-reported procrastination tendency measured by the Lay Procrastination Scale40.”
From Temporal discounting predicts procrastination in the real world (2024) · cites this paper as [38]
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BackgroundChoose your own risks: measuring risk-taking through an interactive novelPreprint
Bran, A., & Vaidis, D. C. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/w2pzu · Cited by 6 · see citing works
We Will Make You Like Our Research: The Development of a Susceptibility-to-Persuasion Scale
Modic, D., & Anderson, R. J. (2014) · doi:10.2139/ssrn.2446971 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Protect Me Tomorrow”: Commitment Nudges to Remedy Compromised Passwords
Peer, E., Frik, A., Gilsenan, C., & Egelman, S. (2024) · ACM Trans. Comput. Hum. Interact. · doi:10.1145/3689038 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Lastly, considering that not changing a compromised password is a form of (passive) risk taking, we also measured participants’ risk-taking tendencies using the recently established measures of passive risk-taking (PRT) [36].”
Proposal of Artifact to Measure Degree of Boldness in Business Social Actors
Rogeri, N., Meireles, M. A., Sanches, C., Ferreira, S., Jr., & Marietto, M. L. (2020) · BAR - Brazilian Administration Review · doi:10.1590/1807-7692bar2020190033 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Passive- and not active-risk tendencies predict cyber security behavior
Arend, I. C., Shabtai, A., Idan, T., Keinan, R., & Bereby‐Meyer, Y. (2020) · Computers & Security · doi:10.1016/j.cose.2020.101929 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationMagendans, J. (2014) · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Active and Passive Risk-Taking
König-Kersting, C. (2021) · AEA Randomized Controlled Trials · doi:10.1257/rct.7271-1.0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“Keinan and Bereby-Meyer (2012) develop a questionnaire to assess passive risk-taking in the domains of medical, social, and financial risks.”
BackgroundResultRiva, S., Mazzocco, K., & Pravettoni, G. (2015) · Tumori Journal · doi:10.5301/tj.5000451 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“We define passive risk taking as foregoing an opportunity to act in order to reduce outcome variance (23).”
BackgroundNew avenues for the development of domain-specific nature of risky decision making
Ling-Zi, Y., Shu, L., & Zhu-Yuan, L. (2018) · Advances in Psychological Science · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1042.2018.00928 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“…预期收益间权衡的意愿(Weber et al., 2002)。 Weber 等人(Weber et al., 2002)认为, 不同领 域之间风险偏好的差异由各领域内感知风险、预 期收益和感知风险态度三者共同决定。由于感知 风险态度在个体内部具有跨情境的相对稳定性 (Weber & Hsee, 1998; Weber & Milliman, 1997), 可以把“感知风险”和“预期收益”对风险行为的回 归系数看成是个体风险偏好的测量指标(Weber et al., 2002)。一般来说, 风险倾向的领域特异性主要 由不同领域内感知风险的差异所致, 但也不排除…”
InfluentialKarlsson, H., Erlandsson, A., Sandberg, J., & Västfjäll, D. (2025) · Judgment and Decision Making · doi:10.1017/jdm.2024.35 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Late nights, late risks: The relationship between evening chronotype and passive risk taking
Li, H. (2024) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2024.112658 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Does curiosity make us riskier? The mediating role of willful ignorance
Finegold, M., & Bereby‐Meyer, Y. (2025) · Current Opinion in Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.copsyc.2025.102081 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationEthics and diversity-affirming evidence-based practice
Wilczynski, S. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15632-8.00005-8 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Prinsloo, C. F. (2017) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
PDOSPERT: A New Scale to Predict Domain‐Specific Risk‐Taking Behaviors in Times of a Pandemic
Guenther, B., Galizzi, M. M., & Sanders, J. G. (2024) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.2413 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Psychometric validation of the risk propensity scale among Chinese young people
Liu, Z., Zhu, K., & Liu, T. (2025) · Cogent Psychology · doi:10.1080/23311908.2025.2564516 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“…seeking scale (sss; Zuckerman, 1979), the domain-specific risk-taking scale (dosPert; Weber et al., 2002), the Passive risk taking scale (Prt; Keinan & Bereby-Meyer, 2012), and the Business risk Propensity scale (BrPs; sitkin & Weingart, 1995). these measurements have been translated into…”
Tangsattayacheep, K., & Tanlamai, U. (2015) · Social Science Asia · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Active Waiting As Business Strategy: Learning From The Serengeti Plains
Bressler, M. S., & Bergen, C. W. V. (1970) · Journal of Business Strategies · doi:10.54155/jbs.32.1.21-40 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Veeran-Colton, T. (2016) · Minerva Access (University of Melbourne)
Responses to Cyber Near‐Misses: A Scale to Measure Individual Differences
Cui, J., Rosoff, H., & John, R. S. (2021) · doi:10.1002/9781119287490.ch11
(2020) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-815002-3.00020-6
Are External Auditors Capable of Dealing with Cybersecurity Risks?
Li, Y., Goel, S., & Williams, K. J. (2023) · Lecture notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36574-4_19
(2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-15632-8.09989-5
Literature Review and Fundamentals
Schmitt, V. (2025) · T-labs series in telecommunication services · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84239-9_2
Person-Related General Influencing Factors
Schmitt, V. (2025) · T-labs series in telecommunication services · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-84239-9_5
Development and Validation of the Calculated and Spontaneous Risk‐Taking Scale (CASPRT)
Zhang, D. C., & Smith, R. W. (2025) · Journal of Behavioral Decision Making · doi:10.1002/bdm.70020
The hidden threat: Attending to passive risks heightens fear and risk perception.
Krava, L., Carmeli, R., & Bereby-Meyer, Y. (2026) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-026-01904-3
Self-citation
- Authors
- Keinan, R., & Bereby-Meyer, Y.
- Affiliations
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev (IL)
- Corresponding author
- Keinan, Ruty
- ORCID
- Keinan, Ruty
- Venue
- Judgment and Decision Making
- Publisher
- Cambridge University Press (CUP)
- Published
- 2012-11
- Volume
- 7
- Issue
- 6
- Pages
- 705-715
- ISSN
- 1930-2975 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W141515198
- Cited by
- 55
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 6 · 2023: 4 · 2021: 5 · 2020: 6 · 2019: 3 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 3 · 2016: 5 · 2015: 4 · 2014: 5
- FWCI
- 2.24
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Judgment and Decision Making (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › General Decision Sciences › Decision-Making and Behavioral Economics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Risk Perception and Management
- Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Management Science and Operations Research › Leadership, Behavior, and Decision-Making Studies
- Keywords
- risk-taking, inaction, scale development, medical risk, ethical risks, resource risk, DOSPERT, sensation seeking, procrastination, avoidance, personality traits
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