Manipulating the Dynamics of Dark Excited States in Organic Materials for Phototheranostics

Hu, Wenbo; Prasad, Paras N.; Huang, Wei

doi:10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00688

Cited by 141Photochemistry and Electron Transfer StudiesLuminescence and Fluorescent MaterialsPhotodynamic Therapy Research Studies

Manipulating the Dynamics of Dark Excited States in Organic Materials for Phototheranostics

Hu, Wenbo, Prasad, Paras N., Huang, Wei·2021·Accounts of Chemical Research

DOI 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00688

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Abstract

Conspectus Manipulating the dynamics of dark excited states (DESs), such as higher excited singlet or excited triplet states with no or small radiative decay, are of both fundamental and practical interests, an important application being photoactivated diagnosis and therapy (phototheranostics), which include photoacoustic (PA) imaging, photodynamic therapy (PDT), and photothermal therapy (PTT). However, the current understanding of DESs in organic structures is rather limited, thus making any rational manipulation of DES in organic materials very challenging. A DES decays primarily by radiationless transition through two pathways: (i) singlet-to-triplet intersystem crossing (ISC) and (ii) internal conversion (IC) relaxation. The deactivation of a DES via ISC can generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) for PDT, while IC could convert photons into heat for PA imaging and PTT. In this Account, we highlight our research on developing a fundamental understanding of structure–property relationships for manipulation of DESs in organic materials in relation to phototheranostic applications. We describe the application of femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectroscopy for obtaining valuable insights into the DES dynamics. Afterward, we present our work on DESs in nonrigid molecules that revealed greatly enhanced ISC through geometry twisting, which leads to an innovative pathway to develop organic materials exhibiting external stimuli-responsive reversible switching of ISC. We introduce the concept of smart PDT where highly efficient ISC imparted by geometry twisting in the acidic environment specific to tumors leads to very efficient and highly localized PDT, thus leaving surrounding healthy tissues at a different pH unaffected. This insightful understanding of ISC can lead to the development of more advanced photosensitizers for PDT. Two other emergent concepts from our work presented here are (1) significantly enhanced IC producing strong local heating by combining two-photon absorption with excited state absorption for cumulative multiphoton absorption, thus greatly increasing the strength of the PA signal for nonlinear PA imaging, and (2) shown by an example of an organic molecule, BODIPY, nanoscale charge-transfer state mediated strong IC in aggregate nanoparticles resulting in exceptionally high photothermal conversion efficiency of 61% for both PA and PTT. Some in vivo results of the phototheranostic studies using BODIPY are presented, providing an elegant example of nanoscale manipulation of the excited state dynamics. This Account concludes with a summary and discussion of future perspectives. We hope this Account will deepen the understanding of molecular and nanoscale control of excited state dynamics in organic materials, hopefully enticing a broad range of scientists within different disciplinary areas.

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Femtosecond transient absorption spectra provide experimental evidence of weak emission and intense intermolecular nonradiative decay from dimers in 4F NP1s.
“Femtosecond transient absorption (fs-TA) spectra provided experimental evidence of the weak emission and intense interNR decay from dimers in 4F NP1s37,38.”
From Alleviating NIR-II emission quenching in ring-fused fluorophore via manipulating dimer populations for superior fluorescence imaging (2025) · cites this paper as [38]

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Authors: Hu, W., Prasad, P. N., & Huang, W.
Affiliations: Northwestern Polytechnical University (CN)
University at Buffalo, State University of New York (US)
Corresponding author: Hu, Wenbo
Prasad, Paras N.
Huang, Wei
ORCID: Hu, Wenbo
Prasad, Paras N.
Huang, Wei
Venue: Accounts of Chemical Research
Publisher: American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published: 2020-12-10
Volume: 54
Issue: 3
Pages: 697-706
ISSN: 0001-4842 (ISSN-L)
1520-4898
DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00688
OpenAlex: W3113085074
Semantic Scholar: 7cbf56eecdc742fe570c00469142a1f9ee3e61d5
Cited by: 141
References: 51
Citations by year: 2026: 17 · 2025: 34 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 25 · 2021: 20
FWCI: 8.84
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: doi.org/10.15223/policy-029 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-037 (stm-asf)
doi.org/10.15223/policy-045 (stm-asf)
Locations: Accounts of Chemical Research (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Funders: Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China
National Natural Science Foundation of China (61805118)
Office of Vice President for Research and Economic Development, University at Buffalo
Topics: Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › Photochemistry and Electron Transfer Studies
Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Materials Chemistry › Luminescence and Fluorescent Materials
Health Sciences › Medicine › Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine › Photodynamic Therapy Research Studies
Keywords: phototheranostics, intersystem crossing, internal conversion, triplet state, femtosecond transient absorption, photosensitizers, two-photon absorption, excited-state absorption, BODIPY, photothermal conversion efficiency
MeSH terms: Animals, Boron Compounds, Infrared Rays, Neoplasms, Organic Chemicals, Photochemotherapy, Phototherapy, Quantum Theory, Photosensitizing Agents, Reactive Oxygen Species, Photons, Mice, Nanoparticles, Photoacoustic Techniques

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Manipulating the Dynamics of Dark Excited States in Organic Materials for Phototheranostics

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