Middle-Down Multi-Attribute Analysis of Antibody-Drug Conjugates with Electron Transfer Dissociation
Open accessAbstract
Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) are designed to combine the target specificity of monoclonal antibodies and potent cytotoxin drugs to achieve better therapeutic outcomes. Comprehensive evaluation of the quality attributes of ADCs is critical for drug development but remains challenging due to heterogeneity of the construct. Currently, peptide mapping with reversed-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) is the predominant approach to characterize ADCs. However, it is suboptimal for sequence characterization and quantification of ADCs because it lacks a comprehensive view of coexisting variants and suffers from varying ionization effects of drug-conjugated peptides compared to unconjugated counterparts. Here, we present the first middle-down RPLC-MS analysis of both cysteine (Adcetris; BV) and lysine (Kadcyla; T-DM1) conjugated ADCs at the subunit level (∼25 kDa) with electron transfer dissociation (ETD). We successfully achieved high-resolution separation of subunit isomers arising from different drug conjugation and subsequently localized the conjugation sites. Moreover, we obtained a comprehensive overview of the microvariants associated with each subunits and characterized them such as oxidized variants with different sites. Furthermore, we observed relatively high levels of conjugation near complementarity-determining regions (CDRs) from the heavy chain but no drug conjugation near CDRs of light chain (Lc) from lysine conjugated T-DM1. Based on the extracted ion chromatograms, we accurately measured average drug to antibody ratio (DAR) values and relative occupancy of drug-conjugated subunits. Overall, the middle-down MS approach enables the evaluation of multiple quality attributes including DAR, positional isomers, conjugation sites, occupancy, and microvariants, which potentially opens up a new avenue to characterize ADCs.
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MASH Explorer can be used to characterize the subunits of antibody-drug conjugates.
“Moreover, MASH Explorer can also be extended to characterize the subunits of ADCs,24 which combine the target specificity of monoclonal antibody and the potency of the cytotoxin drugs, gaining enormous interest in the pharmaceutical industry (Figure 5 and Figure 6).”
From MASH Explorer: A Universal Software Environment for Top-Down Proteomics (2020) · cites this paper as [24]
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- Authors
- Chen, B., Lin, Z., Zhu, Y., Jin, Y., Larson, E., Xu, Q., Fu, C., Zhang, Z., Zhang, Q., Pritts, W. A., & Ge, Y.
- Affiliations
- University of Wisconsin–Madison (US)
- AbbVie (United States) (US)
- Corresponding author
- Ge, Ying
- ORCID
- Venue
- Analytical Chemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2019-08-23
- Volume
- 91
- Issue
- 18
- Pages
- 11661-11669
- ISSN
- 0003-2700 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-6882
- PMC
- PMC7493829
- OpenAlex
- W2969830246
- Cited by
- 38
- References
- 52
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 1.39
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Licence
- Locations
- Analytical Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- AbbVie
- National Institutes of Health (GM117058, R01HL096971, R01HL109810, S10OD018475, GM125085)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Spectroscopy › Mass Spectrometry Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Immunology and Microbiology › Immunology › Biosimilars and Bioanalytical Methods
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Monoclonal and Polyclonal Antibodies Research
- Keywords
- antibody-drug conjugates, middle-down mass spectrometry, electron transfer dissociation, drug-to-antibody ratio, hypervariable region, trastuzumab emtansine, quality attributes
- MeSH terms
- Brentuximab Vedotin, Ado-Trastuzumab Emtansine, Cysteine, Electron Transport, Lysine, Immunoconjugates, Tandem Mass Spectrometry, Chromatography, Reverse-Phase
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