CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 36Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances researchIndoor Air Quality and Microbial ExposureToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

Cloth–Air Partitioning of Neutral Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in North Carolina Homes during the Indoor PFAS Assessment (IPA) Campaign

Open access
Eichler, Clara M. A., Chang, Naomi Y., Cohen Hubal, Elaine A., Amparo, Daniel E., Zhou, Jiaqi, Surratt, Jason D., Morrison, Glenn C., Turpin, Barbara J.·2023·Environmental Science & Technology
DOI 10.1021/acs.est.3c04770PMC PMC11182342
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Partitioning of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to indoor materials, including clothing, may prolong the residence time of PFAS indoors and contribute to exposure. During the Indoor PFAS Assessment (IPA) Campaign, we measured concentrations of nine neutral PFAS in air and cotton cloth in 11 homes in North Carolina, for up to 9 months. Fluorotelomer alcohols (i.e., 6:2 FTOH, 8:2 FTOH, and 10:2 FTOH) are the dominant target species in indoor air, with concentrations ranging from 1.8 to 49 ng m – 3, 1.2 to 53 ng m – 3, and 0.21 to 5.7 ng m – 3, respectively. In cloth, perfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanols (i.e., MeFOSE and EtFOSE) accumulated most significantly over time, reaching concentrations of up to 0.26 ng cm – 2 and 0.24 ng cm – 2, respectively. From paired measurements of neutral PFAS in air and suspended cloth, we derived cloth–air partition coefficients ( K ca ) for 6:2, 8:2, and 10:2 FTOH; ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA); MeFOSE; and EtFOSE. Mean log( K ca ) values range from 4.7 to 6.6 and are positively correlated with the octanol–air partition coefficient. We investigated the effect of the cloth storage method on PFAS accumulation and the influence of home characteristics on air concentrations. Temperature had the overall greatest effect. This study provides valuable insights into PFAS distribution, fate, and exposure indoors.

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1021/acs.est.3c04770

Cites

10 of 10 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Claims the paper makes

The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.

Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.

A few free checks a day · papers already verified open instantly · results are public

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • Additional sources of PFAS in urban stormwater include building materials, food packaging waste, laundry effluent, atmospheric deposition from incineration, and AFFF residues.

    “Additional sources of PFAS in urban stormwater include building materials (e.g., sealants, adhesives, roofing materials) [53], food packaging waste in public litter streams [9], laundry effluent from washing PFAS-treated textiles [54], atmospheric deposition from nearby incineration facilities, and residues from historical uses of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFF) [55].”

    From Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Urban Stormwater Runoff: Insights from a Roadside Rain Garden (2025) · cites this paper as [54]

    The [54] citation is attached to the claim that laundry effluent from washing PFAS-treated textiles is a source of PFAS in urban stormwater. The Cloth Sampling and Household Clothing Items sections discuss laundered clothing and PFAS found in clothing, but do not address PFAS in laundry effluent or its contribution to stormwater. Searches for washing-related releases, effluent, and stormwater found no passage establishing that pathway. (LLM, conf=0.76)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

The self-check needs the paper’s full text.

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 72

  1. Sunderland EM; Hu XC; Dassuncao C; Tokranov AK; Wagner CC; Allen JG A review of the pathways of human exposure to poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and present understanding of health effects. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol 2019, 29, 131-147. [PubMed: 30470793]
  2. DeLuca NM; Minucci JM; Mullikin A; Slover R; Cohen Hubal EA Human exposure pathways to poly-and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from indoor media: A systematic review. Environ. Int 2022, 162, No. 107149. [PubMed: 35240384]
  3. Holder C; DeLuca N; Luh J; Alexander P; Minucci JM; Vallero DA; Thomas K; Cohen Hubal EA Systematic Evidence Mapping of Potential EXposure Pathways for Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances Based on Measured Occurrence in Multiple Media. Environ. Sci. Technol 2023, 57 (13), 5107-5116. [PubMed: 36940151]
  4. Conder JM; Hoke RA; de Wolf W; Russell MH; Buck RC Are PFCAs Bioaccumulative? A Critical Review and Comparison with Regulatory Criteria and Persistent Lipophilic Compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol 2008, 42 (4), 995-1003. [PubMed: 18351063]
  5. Bălan SA; Mathrani VC; Guo DF; Algazi AM Regulating PFAS as a Chemical Class under the California Safer Consumer Products Program. Environ. Health Perspect. 2021, 129 (2), No. 025001. [PubMed: 33595352]
  6. Cordner A; Goldenman G; Birnbaum LS; Brown P; Miller MF; Mueller R; Patton S; Salvatore DH; Trasande L The True Cost of PFAS and the Benefits of Acting Now. Environ. Sci. Technol 2021, 55 (14), 9630-9633. [PubMed: 34231362]
  7. Glüge J; Scheringer M; Cousins IT; DeWitt JC; Goldenman G; Herzke D; Lohmann R; Ng C. a.; Trier X; Wang Z An overview of the uses of per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS). Environ. Sci. Process Impacts 2020, 22 (12), 2345-2373. [PubMed: 33125022]
  8. Cahuas L; Muensterman DJ; Kim-Fu ML; Reardon PN; Titaley IA; Field JA Paints: A Source of Volatile PFAS in Air-Potential Implications for Inhalation Exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol 2022, 56 (23), 17070-17079. [PubMed: 36367233]
  9. Schwartz-Narbonne H; Xia C; Shalin A; Whitehead HD; Yang D; Peaslee GF; Wang Z; Wu Y; Peng H; Blum A; Venier M; Diamond ML Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Canadian Fast Food Packaging. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett 2023, 10 (4), 343-349. [PubMed: 37970096]
  10. Pelch KE; Reade A; Kwiatkowski CF; Merced-Nieves FM; Cavalier H; Schultz K; Wolffe T; Varshavsky J The PFAS-Tox Database: A systematic evidence map of health studies on 29 per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances. Environ. Int 2022, 167, No. 107408. [PubMed: 35908389]
  11. Rericha Y; Simonich MT; Truong L; Tanguay RL Review of the zebrafish as a model to investigate per-and polyfluoroalkyl substance toxicity. Toxicol. Sci 2023, 194 (2), 138-152. [PubMed: 37220906]
  12. Diffey BL An overview analysis of the time people spend outdoors. Br. J. Dermatol 2011, 164 (4), 848-854. [PubMed: 21128911]
  13. Morales-McDevitt ME; Bečanová J; Blum A; Bruton TA; Vojta S; Woodward M; Lohmann R The Air That We Breathe: Neutral and Volatile PFAS in Indoor Air. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett 2021, 8 (10), 897-902. [PubMed: 35359817]
  14. Yao Y; Zhao Y; Sun H; Chang S; Zhu L; Alder AC; Kannan K Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Indoor Air and Dust from Homes and Various Microenvironments in China: Implications for Human Exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol 2018, 52 (5), 3156-3166. [PubMed: 29415540]
  15. Padilla-Sánchez JA; Papadopoulou E; Poothong S; Haug LS Investigation of the Best Approach for Assessing Human Exposure to Poly-and Perfluoroalkyl Substances through Indoor Air. Environ. Sci. Technol 2017, 51 (21), 12836-12843. [PubMed: 28994293]
  16. Fromme H; Dreyer A; Dietrich S; Fembacher L; Lahrz T; Völkel W Neutral polyfluorinated compounds in indoor air in Germany -The LUPE 4 study. Chemosphere 2015, 139, 572-578. [PubMed: 26340371]
  17. Liu W; Takahashi S; Sakuramachi Y; Harada KH; Koizumi A Polyfluorinated telomers in indoor air of Japanese houses. Chemosphere 2013, 90, 1672-1677. [PubMed: 23089390]
  18. Shoeib M; Harner T; Webster GM; Lee SC Indoor Sources of Poly-and Perfluorinated Compounds (PFCS) in Vancouver, Canada: Implications for Human Exposure. Environ. Sci. Technol 2011, 45 (19), 7999-8005. [PubMed: 21332198]
  19. Haug LS; Huber S; Schlabach M; Becher G; Thomsen C Investigation on Per-and Polyfluorinated Compounds in Paired Samples of House Dust and Indoor Air from Norwegian Homes. Environ. Sci. Technol 2011, 45, 7991-7998. [PubMed: 21417377]
  20. Harrad S; Wemken N; Drage DS; Abdallah MA-E; Coggins A-M Perfluoroalkyl Substances in Drinking Water, Indoor Air and Dust from Ireland: Implications for Human Exposure Environ. Sci. Technol 2019, 53, 13449-13457.
  21. Langer V; Dreyer A; Ebinghaus R Polyfluorinated Compounds in Residential and Nonresidential Indoor Air. Environ. Sci. Technol 2010, 44 (21), 8075-8081. [PubMed: 20925396]
  22. Shoeib M; Harner T; Ikonomou M; Kannan K Indoor and Outdoor Air Concentrations and Phase Partitioning of Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonamides and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers. Environ. Sci. Technol 2004, 38, 1313-1320. [PubMed: 15046331]
  23. Dinglasan MJA; Ye Y; Edwards EA; Mabury SA Fluorotelomer Alcohol Biodegradation Yields Poly-and Perfluorinated Acids. Environ. Sci. Technol 2004, 38 (10), 2857-2864. [PubMed: 15212260]
  24. Rice PA; Aungst J; Cooper J; Bandele O; Kabadi SV Comparative analysis of the toxicological databases for 6:2 fluorotelomer alcohol (6:2 FTOH) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHXA). Food Chem. Toxicol 2020, 138, No. 111210. [PubMed: 32087313]
  25. Makey CM; Webster TF; Martin JW; Shoeib M; Harner T; DiX-Cooper L; Webster GM Airborne Precursors Predict Maternal Serum Perfluoroalkyl Acid Concentrations. Environ. Sci. Technol 2017, 51 (13), 7667-7675. [PubMed: 28535063]
  26. Fenton SE; Ducatman A; Boobis A; DeWitt JC; Lau C; Ng C; Smith JS; Roberts SM Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance ToXicity and Human Health Review: Current State of Knowledge and Strategies for Informing Future Research. Environ. Toxicol. Chem 2021, 40 (3), 606-630. [PubMed: 33017053]
  27. Morrison GC; Li H; Mishra S; Buechlein M Airborne phthalate partitioning to cotton clothing. Atmos. Environ 2015, 115, 149-152.
  28. Saini A; Okeme JO; Mark Parnis J; McQueen RH; Diamond ML From air to clothing: characterizing the accumulation of semi-volatile organic compounds to fabrics in indoor environments. Indoor Air 2017, 27, 631-641. [PubMed: 27555567]
  29. Bekö G; Morrison G; Weschler CJ; Koch HM; Pälmke C; Salthammer T; Schripp T; Eftekhari A; Toftum J; Clausen G Dermal uptake of nicotine from air and clothing: Experimental verification. Indoor Air 2018, 28, 247-257. [PubMed: 29095533]
  30. Saini A; Rauert C; Simpson MJ; Harrad S; Diamond ML Characterizing the sorption of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) to cotton and polyester fabrics under controlled conditions. Sci. Total Environ 2016, 563-564, 99-107. [PubMed: 26896585]
  31. Morrison GC; Andersen HV; Gunnarsen L; Varol D; Uhde E; Kolarik B Partitioning of PCBs from air to clothing materials in a Danish apartment. Indoor Air 2018, 28 (1), 188-197. [PubMed: 28767171]
  32. Morrison GC; Weschler CJ; Bekö G; Koch HM; Salthammer T; Schripp T; Toftum J; Clausen G Role of clothing in both accelerating and impeding dermal absorption of airborne SVOCs. J. Expo. Sci. Environ. Epidemiol 2016, 26, 113-118. [PubMed: 26058800]
  33. Licina D; Morrison GC; Bekö G; Weschler CJ; Nazaroff WW Clothing-Mediated EXposures to Chemicals and Particles. Environ. Sci. Technol 2019, 53 (10), 5559-5575. [PubMed: 31034216]
  34. Schlummer M; Gruber L; Fiedler D; Kizlauskas M; Müller J Detection of fluorotelomer alcohols in indoor environments and their relevance for human exposure. Environ. Int 2013, 57-58, 42-49. [PubMed: 24096042]
  35. Liu X; Guo Z; Folk EE; Roache NF Determination of fluorotelomer alcohols in selected consumer products and preliminary investigation of their fate in the indoor environment. Chemosphere 2015, 129, 81-86. [PubMed: 24997516]
  36. Gremmel C; Frömel T; Knepper TP Systematic determination of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in outdoor jackets. Chemosphere 2016, 160, 173-180. [PubMed: 27376856]
  37. van der Veen I; Hanning A-C; Stare A; Leonards PEG; de Boer J; Weiss JM The effect of weathering on per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) from durable water repellent (DWR) clothing. Chemosphere 2020, 249, 126100. [PubMed: 32062207]
  38. Schellenberger S; Liagkouridis I; Awad R; Khan S; Plassmann M; Peters G; Benskin JP; Cousins IT An Outdoor Aging Study to Investigate the Release of Per-And Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) from Functional Textiles. Environ. Sci. Technol 2022, 56 (6), 3471-3479. [PubMed: 35213128]
  39. Xia C; Diamond ML; Peaslee GF; Peng H; Blum A; Wang Z; Shalin A; Whitehead HD; Green M; Schwartz-Narbonne H; Yang D; Venier M Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in North American School Uniforms. Environ. Sci. Technol 2022, 56 (19), 13845-13857. [PubMed: 36129192]
  40. van der Veen I; Schellenberger S; Hanning A-C; Stare A; de Boer J; Weiss JM; Leonards PEG Fate of Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances from Durable Water-Repellent Clothing during Use. Environ. Sci. Technol 2022, 56 (9), 5886-5897. [PubMed: 35404577]
  41. Morrison GC; Weschler CJ; Bekö G Dermal uptake of phthalates from clothing: Comparison of model to human participant results. Indoor Air 2017, 27 (3), 642-649. [PubMed: 27859617]
  42. Cao J; Zhang X; Zhang Y Predicting Dermal Exposure to Gas-Phase Semivolatile Organic Compounds (SVOCs): A Further Study of SVOC Mass Transfer between Clothing and Skin Surface Lipids. Environ. Sci. Technol 2018, 52, 4676-4683. [PubMed: 29543445]
  43. Cao J; Weschler CJ; Luo J; Zhang Y Cm-History Method, a Novel Approach to Simultaneously Measure Source and Sink Parameters Important for Estimating Indoor Exposures to Phthalates. Environ. Sci. Technol 2016, 50 (2), 825-834. [PubMed: 26677723]
  44. Morrison G; Shakila NV; Parker K Accumulation of gas-phase methamphetamine on clothing, toy fabrics, and skin oil. Indoor Air 2015, 25 (4), 405-414. [PubMed: 25244432]
  45. Eftekhari A; Morrison G A high throughput method for measuring cloth-air equilibrium distribution ratios for SVOCs present in indoor environments. Talanta 2018, 183, 250-257. [PubMed: 29567173]
  46. Yu J; Wania F; Abbatt JPD A New Approach to Characterizing the Partitioning of Volatile Organic Compounds to Cotton Fabric. Environ. Sci. Technol 2022, 56 (6), 3365-3374. [PubMed: 35230819]
  47. Lampic A; Parnis JM Property Estimation of Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: A Comparative Assessment of Estimation Methods. Environ. Toxicol. Chem 2020, 39 (4), 775-786. [PubMed: 32022323]
  48. Bekö G; Lund T; Nors F; Toftum J; Clausen G Ventilation rates in the bedrooms of 500 Danish children. Build. Environ 2010, 45 (10), 2289-2295.
  49. Turpin BJ; Saxena P; Andrews E Measuring and simulating particulate organics in the atmosphere: problems and prospects. Atmos. Environ 2000, 34 (18), 2983-3013.
  50. Arp HPH; Goss K-U Irreversible sorption of trace concentrations of perfluorocarboxylic acids to fiber filters used for air sampling. Atmos. Environ 2008, 42 (28), 6869-6872.
  51. Johansson JH; Berger U; Cousins IT Can the use of deactivated glass fibre filters eliminate sorption artefacts associated with active air sampling of perfluorooctanoic acid? Environ. Pollut 2017, 224, 779-786. [PubMed: 28279582]
  52. Shoeib M; Harner T; Lee SC; Lane D; Zhu J Sorbent-Impregnated Polyurethane Foam Disk for Passive Air Sampling of Volatile Fluorinated Chemicals. Anal. Chem 2008, 80, 675-682. [PubMed: 18179247]
  53. Lei YD; Wania F; Mathers D; Mabury SA Determination of Vapor Pressures, Octanol-Air, and Water-Air Partition Coefficients for Polyfluorinated Sulfonamide, Sulfonamidoethanols, and Telomer Alcohols. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2004, 49 (4), 1013-1022.
  54. Dreyer A; Langer V; Ebinghaus R Determination of Octanol-Air Partition Coefficients (Koa) of Fluorotelomer Acrylates, Perfluoroalkyl Sulfonamids, and Perfluoroalkylsulfonamido Ethanols. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2009, 54, 3022-3025.
  55. Goss K-U; Bronner G; Harner T; Hertel M; Schmidt TC The Partition Behavior of Fluorotelomer Alcohols and Olefins. Environ. Sci. Technol 2006, 40, 3572-3577. [PubMed: 16786696]
  56. Thuens S; Dreyer A; Sturm R; Temme C; Ebinghaus R Determination of the Octanol-Air Partition Coefficients (Koa) of Fluorotelomer Alcohols. J. Chem. Eng. Data 2008, 53 (1), 223-227.
  57. Kim M; Li LY; Grace JR; Yue C Selecting reliable physicochemical properties of perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) based on molecular descriptors. Environ. Pollut 2015, 196, 462-472. [PubMed: 25467694]
  58. Salthammer T; Grimme S; Stahn M; Hohm U; Palm W-U Quantum Chemical Calculation and Evaluation of Partition Coefficients for Classical and Emerging Environmentally Relevant Organic Compounds. Environ. Sci. Technol 2022, 56 (1), 379-391. [PubMed: 34931808]
  59. Cao J; Zhang X; Little JC; Zhang Y A SPME-based method for rapidly and accurately measuring the characteristic parameter for DEHP emitted from PVC floorings. Indoor Air 2017, 27, 417-426. [PubMed: 27238276]
  60. Liang Y; Liu X; Allen MR The influence of temperature on the emissions of organophosphate ester flame retardants from polyisocyanurate foam: Measurement and modeling. Chemosphere 2019, 233, 347-354. [PubMed: 31176897]
  61. Liu Z; Ye W; Little JC Predicting Emissions of Volatile and Semivolatile Organic Compounds from Building Materials: A Review. Build. Environ 2013, 64, 7-25.
  62. Salthammer T; Zhang Y; Mo J; Koch HM; Weschler CJ Assessing human exposure to organic pollutants in the indoor environment. Angew. Chem 2018, 57 (38), 12228-12263. [PubMed: 29537125]
  63. Lucattini L; Poma G; Covaci A; de Boer J; Lamoree MH; Leonards PEG A review of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the indoor environment: occurrence in consumer products, indoor air and dust. Chemosphere 2018, 201, 466-482. [PubMed: 29529574]
  64. Butt CM; Muir DCG; Mabury SA Biotransformation pathways of fluorotelomer-based polyfluoroalkyl substances: A review. Environ. Toxicol. Chem 2014, 33 (2), 243-267. [PubMed: 24114778]
  65. Ellis DA; Martin JW; De Silva AO; Mabury SA; Hurley MD; Sulbaek Andersen MP; Wallington TJ Degradation of Fluorotelomer Alcohols: A Likely Atmospheric Source of Perfluorinated Carboxylic Acids. Environ. Sci. Technol 2004, 38 (12), 3316-3321. [PubMed: 15260330]
  66. Haug LS; Huber S; Becher G; Thomsen C Characterisation of human exposure pathways to perfluorinated compounds-comparing exposure estimates with biomarkers of exposure. Environ. Int 2011, 37, 687-693. [PubMed: 21334069]
  67. Kissel JC; Titaley IA; Muensterman DJ; Field JA Evaluating Neutral PFAS for Potential Dermal Absorption from the Gas Phase. Environ. Sci. Technol 2023, 57 (12), 4951-4958. [PubMed: 36917694]
  68. Weschler CJ; Nazaroff WW Dermal Uptake of Organic Vapors Commonly Found in Indoor Air. Environ. Sci. Technol 2014, 48, 1230-1237. [PubMed: 24328315]
  69. Ahrens L; Harner T; Shoeib M; Koblizkova M; Reiner EJ Characterization of Two Passive Air Samplers for Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances. Environ. Sci. Technol 2013, 47 (24), 14024- 14033. [PubMed: 24219299]
  70. Koch A; Aro R; Wang T; Yeung LWY Towards a comprehensive analytical workflow for the chemical characterisation of organofluorine in consumer products and environmental samples. Trends Anal. Chem 2020, 123, 115423.
  71. Riedel TP; Lang JR; Strynar MJ; Lindstrom AB; Offenberg JH Gas-Phase Detection of Fluorotelomer Alcohols and Other Oxygenated Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances by Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometry. Environ. Sci. Technol. Lett 2019, 6, 289-293. [PubMed: 31179348]
  72. Bowers BB; Thornton JA; Sullivan RC Evaluation of iodide chemical ionization mass spectrometry for gas and aerosol-phase per-and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) analysis. Environ. Sci. Process Impacts 2023, 25, 277-287. [PubMed: 36189623]

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Eichler, C. M. A., Chang, N. Y., Cohen Hubal, E. A., Amparo, D. E., Zhou, J., Surratt, J. D., Morrison, G. C., & Turpin, B. J.
Affiliations
  • University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
  • U.S. EPA, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711, United States
Corresponding author
Turpin, Barbara J.
ORCID
Venue
Environmental Science & Technology
Publisher
American Chemical Society (ACS)
Published
2023-09-27
Volume
57
Issue
40
Pages
15173-15183
ISSN
  • 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
  • 1520-5851
DOI
10.1021/acs.est.3c04770
PMC
PMC11182342
OpenAlex
W4387080454
Cited by
36
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 12
FWCI
3.10
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
  • Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
  • UNC Libraries
Funders
  • Division of Graduate Education (2020305405)
  • Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (G-2020-13937, G-2017-9794)
  • National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (T42-OH008673)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords
per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, PFAS, indoor air, clothing, fluorotelomer alcohols, perfluorooctane sulfonamide, octanol-air partition coefficient, housing characteristics, temperature effects
MeSH terms
Air Pollutants, Environmental Monitoring, Fluorocarbons, North Carolina

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review