Perfluorinated Sulfonamides in Indoor and Outdoor Air and Indoor Dust: Occurrence, Partitioning, and Human Exposure
Abstract
Perfluorinated alkyl sulfonamides (PFASs) which are used in a variety of consumer products for surface protection were investigated through a comprehensive survey of indoor air, house dust, and outdoor air in the city of Ottawa, Canada. This study revealed new information regarding the occurrence and indoor air source strength of several PFASs including N-methylperfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (MeFOSE), N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamidoethanol (EtFOSE), N-ethylperfluorooctane sulfonamide (EtFOSA), and N-methylperfluorooctane sulfonamidethylacrylate (MeFOSEA). Passive air samplers consisting of polyurethane foam disks were calibrated and used to conduct the indoor and outdoor survey. Indoor air concentrations for MeFOSE and EtFOSE (1490 and 740 pg m(-3), respectively) were about 10-20 times greater than outdoor concentrations, establishing indoor air as an important source to the outside environment. EtFOSA and MeFOSEA concentrations were lower in indoor air (40 and 29 pg m(-3) respectively) and below detection in outdoor air samples. For indoor dust, highest concentrations were recorded for MeFOSE and EtFOSE with geometric mean concentrations of 110 and 120 ng g(-1), while concentrations for EtFOSA and MeFOSEA were below detection and 7.9 ng g(-1) respectively. MeFOSE and EtFOSE concentrations in house dust followed levels in indoor air. However, resolution of the coupled air and dust data (for the same homes) was not successful using existing KoA-based models for surface-air exchange. The partitioning to house dust was greatly underpredicted. The difficulties with existing models may be due to the high activity coefficient of PFASs in octanol and/or a situation where the dust is greatly oversaturated with respect to the air due to components of the dust being contaminated with PFASs. A human exposure assessment based on median air and dust concentrations revealed that human exposure through inhalation (100% absorption assumed) and dust ingestion were approximately 40 and approximately 20 ng d(-1), respectively. However, for children the dust ingestion pathway was dominant and accounted for approximately 44 ng d(-1).
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Neutral PFASs were detected at all sampled locations, with FTOHs being the most prevalent.
“Neutral PFASs were detected at all sampled locations, with FTOHs being the most prevalent, which aligns with earlier studies [176].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [176]
Indoor air levels can be significantly higher than outdoor concentrations.
“Indoor air levels can be significantly higher than outdoor concentrations [176].”
From Industrial Applications, Environmental Fate, Human Exposure, and Health Effects of PFAS (2025) · cites this paper as [176]
PFASs are distributed differently in indoor and outdoor environments.
“Furthermore, PFASs are distributed differently in indoor and outdoor environments.”
From Non-Target and Suspect Screening of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Airborne Particulate Matter in China (2018) · cites this paper as [41]
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- Authors
- Shoeib, M., Harner, T., Wilford, B. H., Jones, K. C., & Zhu, J.
- Affiliations
- Health Canada (CA)
- Corresponding author
- Shoeib, Mahiba
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2005-08-02
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 17
- Pages
- 6599-6606
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W2067439119
- Cited by
- 328
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 19 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 10 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 12 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 13 · 2014: 12 · 2013: 14 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 14.23
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Lancaster EPrints (Lancaster University) (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Environmental Chemistry › Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances research
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Indoor Air Quality and Microbial Exposure
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
- Keywords
- PFASs, indoor air, house dust, ambient air, passive air sampling, human exposure assessment, dust ingestion, inhalation exposure, children's exposure
- MeSH terms
- Air Pollutants, Octanols, Canada, Child, Dust, Fluorocarbons, Housing, Humans, Sulfonamides, Time Factors, Air Pollution, Indoor, Risk Assessment, Inhalation Exposure
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