Anti-neuroinflammatory Effect of Short-Chain Fatty Acid Acetate against Alzheimer’s Disease via Upregulating GPR41 and Inhibiting ERK/JNK/NF-κB
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a high-incidence neurodegenerative disease in the elderly. Acetate (Ace) is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) with neuroprotective activity. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects and its possible mechanisms of SCFA Ace on AD. A male APP/PS1 transgenic mouse was given intragastric administration Ace for 4 weeks. Cognitive function and microglia activation in mice were assessed. Furthermore, Ace pretreated amyloid-β (Aβ)-induced BV2 microglia, and the levels of CD11b, COX-2, and G-protein-coupled receptor 41 (GPR41) and phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and NF-κB p65 were determined. Our results revealed that Ace significantly attenuated the cognitive impairment and decreased the CD11b level in the APP/PS1 mice. Moreover, Ace inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65, ERK, and JNK and decreased the levels of COX-2 and interleukin 1β in the Aβ-stimulated BV2 microglia. Finally, Ace increased the GPR41 level in the Aβ-stimulated BV2 cells. The finding indicated that Ace exerted antineuroinflammatory effects via the upregulation of GPR41 and suppression of the ERK/JNK/NF-κB pathway, which might provide an alternative therapy strategy of AD.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Acetate exerts anti-inflammatory effects in Aβ-induced BV-2 microglial cells by upregulating GPR41 and inhibiting the ERK/JNK/NF-κB signaling pathway.
“In addition, an in vitro study has demonstrated that acetate exerts anti-inflammatory effects in Aβ-induced BV-2 microglial cells by upregulating the levels of GPR41 and inhibiting the ERK/JNK/NF-κB signaling pathway.285”
From Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases (2024) · cites this paper as [285]
Cites
A Unique Microglia Type Associated with Restricting Development of Alzheimer’s Disease
Keren-Shaul, H., Spinrad, A., Weiner, A., Matcovitch-Natan, O., Dvir-Szternfeld, R., Ulland, T. K., David, E., Baruch, K., Lara-Astaiso, D., Toth, B., et al. (2017) · Cell · doi:10.1016/j.cell.2017.05.018 · Cited by 5,493 · see citing works
Inflammation and Alzheimer’s disease
Akiyama, H. (2000) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/s0197-4580(00)00124-x · Cited by 4,514 · see citing works
Host microbiota constantly control maturation and function of microglia in the CNS
Erny, D., Hrabě de Angelis, A. L., Jaitin, D., Wieghofer, P., Staszewski, O., David, E., Keren-Shaul, H., Mahlakoiv, T., Jakobshagen, K., Buch, T., et al. (2015) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nn.4030 · Cited by 3,569 · see citing works
Brown, A. J., Goldsworthy, S. M., Barnes, A. A., Eilert, M. M., Tcheang, L., Daniels, D., Muir, A. I., Wigglesworth, M. J., Kinghorn, I., Fraser, N. J., et al. (2003) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m211609200 · Cited by 2,409 · see citing works
How neuroinflammation contributes to neurodegeneration
Ransohoff, R. M. (2016) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.aag2590 · Cited by 1,967 · see citing works
The short-chain fatty acid acetate reduces appetite via a central homeostatic mechanism
Frost, G., Sleeth, M. L., Sahuri-Arisoylu, M., Lizarbe, B., Cerdan, S., Brody, L., Anastasovska, J., Ghourab, S., Hankir, M., Zhang, S., et al. (2014) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms4611 · Cited by 1,771 · see citing works
Innate immune activation in neurodegenerative disease
Heneka, M. T., Kummer, M. P., & Latz, E. (2014) · Nature Reviews Immunology · doi:10.1038/nri3705 · Cited by 1,437 · see citing works
Epidemiology of Alzheimer's disease: occurrence, determinants, and strategies toward intervention
Qiu, C., Kivipelto, M., & von Strauss, E. (2009) · Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience · doi:10.31887/dcns.2009.11.2/cqiu · Cited by 1,261 · see citing works
Kimura, I., Inoue, D., Maeda, T., Hara, T., Ichimura, A., Miyauchi, S., Kobayashi, M., Hirasawa, A., & Tsujimoto, G. (2011) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1016088108 · Cited by 1,106 · see citing works
Microbiota and neurodevelopmental windows: implications for brain disorders
Borre, Y. E., O’Keeffe, G. W., Clarke, G., Stanton, C., Dinan, T. G., & Cryan, J. F. (2014) · Trends in Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.molmed.2014.05.002 · Cited by 1,089 · see citing works
Innate immunity in Alzheimer's disease
Heneka, M. T., Golenbock, D. T., & Latz, E. (2015) · Nature Immunology · doi:10.1038/ni.3102 · Cited by 902 · see citing works
Tedelind, S., Westberg, F., Kjerrulf, M., & Vidal, A. (2007) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v13.i20.2826 · Cited by 856 · see citing works
Vinolo, M. A. R., Rodrigues, H. G., Hatanaka, E., Sato, F. T., Sampaio, S. C., & Curi, R. (2010) · The Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jnutbio.2010.07.009 · Cited by 714 · see citing works
Gut microbiota-derived short-chain Fatty acids, T cells, and inflammation
Kim, C. H., Park, J., & Kim, M. (2014) · Immune Network · doi:10.4110/in.2014.14.6.277 · Cited by 704 · see citing works
Spangenberg, E. E., Lee, R. J., Najafi, A. R., Rice, R. A., Elmore, M. R. P., Blurton-Jones, M., West, B. L., & Green, K. N. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/aww016 · Cited by 695 · see citing works
A 3D human triculture system modeling neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation in Alzheimer’s disease
Park, J., Wetzel, I., Marriott, I., Dréau, D., D’Avanzo, C., Kim, D. Y., Tanzi, R. E., & Cho, H. (2018) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-018-0175-4 · Cited by 644 · see citing works
Regulation of Tau Pathology by the Microglial Fractalkine Receptor
Bhaskar, K., Konerth, M., Kokiko-Cochran, O. N., Cardona, A., Ransohoff, R. M., & Lamb, B. T. (2010) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2010.08.023 · Cited by 639 · see citing works
Acetate and Propionate Short Chain Fatty Acids Stimulate Adipogenesis via GPCR43
Hong, Y.-H., Nishimura, Y., Hishikawa, D., Tsuzuki, H., Miyahara, H., Gotoh, C., Choi, K.-C., Feng, D. D., Chen, C., Lee, H.-G., et al. (2005) · Endocrinology · doi:10.1210/en.2005-0545 · Cited by 613 · see citing works
Kaltschmidt, B., Uherek, M., Volk, B., Baeuerle, P. A., & Kaltschmidt, C. (1997) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.94.6.2642 · Cited by 611 · see citing works
Maphis, N., Xu, G., Kokiko-Cochran, O. N., Jiang, S., Cardona, A., Ransohoff, R. M., Lamb, B. T., & Bhaskar, K. (2015) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv081 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
Microglia, neuroinflammation, and beta-amyloid protein in Alzheimer’s disease
Cai, Z., Hussain, M. D., & Yan, L.-J. (2014) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.3109/00207454.2013.833510 · Cited by 583 · see citing works
Olmos-Alonso, A., Schetters, S. T. T., Sri, S., Askew, K., Mancuso, R., Vargas-Caballero, M., Holscher, C., Perry, V. H., & Gomez-Nicola, D. (2016) · Brain · doi:10.1093/brain/awv379 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Dagher, N. N., Najafi, A. R., Kayala, K. M. N., Elmore, M. R. P., White, T. E., Medeiros, R., West, B. L., & Green, K. N. (2015) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-015-0366-9 · Cited by 505 · see citing works
Rahimifard, M., Maqbool, F., Moeini-Nodeh, S., Niaz, K., Abdollahi, M., Braidy, N., Nabavi, S. M., & Nabavi, S. F. (2017) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2017.02.004 · Cited by 481 · see citing works
G Protein regulation of MAPK networks
Goldsmith, Z. G., & Dhanasekaran, D. N. (2007) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210407 · Cited by 462 · see citing works
Sosna, J., Philipp, S., Albay, R., Reyes-Ruiz, J. M., Baglietto-Vargas, D., LaFerla, F. M., & Glabe, C. G. (2018) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/s13024-018-0244-x · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Nixon, R. A. (2017) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.201700359 · Cited by 400 · see citing works
Short-chain fatty acids act as antiinflammatory mediatorsby regulating prostaglandin E2 and cytokines
Cox, M. A., Jackson, J., Stanton, M., Rojas-Triana, A., Bober, L., Laverty, M., Yang, X., Zhu, F., Liu, J., Wang, S., et al. (2009) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.15.5549 · Cited by 377 · see citing works
Self-citationMAP kinase activation in macrophages
Rao, K. M. K. (2001) · Journal of Leukocyte Biology · doi:10.1189/jlb.69.1.3 · Cited by 371 · see citing works
Mitchell, R. W., On, N. H., Del Bigio, M. R., Miller, D. W., & Hatch, G. M. (2011) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07245.x · Cited by 337 · see citing works
Butyrate and Dietary Soluble Fiber Improve Neuroinflammation Associated With Aging in Mice
Matt, S. M., Allen, J. M., Lawson, M. A., Mailing, L. J., Woods, J. A., & Johnson, R. W. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.01832 · Cited by 330 · see citing works
Wenzel, T. J., Gates, E. J., Ranger, A. L., & Klegeris, A. (2020) · Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.mcn.2020.103493 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Microglia, Lifestyle Stress, and Neurodegeneration
Madore, C., Yin, Z., Leibowitz, J. A., & Butovsky, O. (2020) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2019.12.003 · Cited by 310 · see citing works
Sun, J., Xu, J., Yang, B., Chen, K., Kong, Y., Fang, N., Gong, T., Wang, F., Ling, Z., & Liu, J. (2020) · Molecular Nutrition & Food Research · doi:10.1002/mnfr.201900636 · Cited by 302 · see citing works
Self-citationMicroglia actions in Alzheimer's disease
Prokop, S., Miller, K. R., & Heppner, F. L. (2013) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-013-1182-x · Cited by 291 · see citing works
Bacteroides fragilis Lipopolysaccharide and Inflammatory Signaling in Alzheimer’s Disease
Lukiw, W. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2016.01544 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Kempe, S. (2005) · Nucleic Acids Research · doi:10.1093/nar/gki836 · Cited by 284 · see citing works
Park, J.-S., Lee, E.-J., Lee, J.-C., Kim, W.-K., & Kim, H.-S. (2007) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2006.08.015 · Cited by 278 · see citing works
Liu, T., Li, J., Liu, Y., Xiao, N., Suo, H., Xie, K., Yang, C., & Wu, C. (2012) · Inflammation · doi:10.1007/s10753-012-9484-z · Cited by 248 · see citing works
Immune hyperreactivity of Aβ plaque-associated microglia in Alzheimer's disease
Yin, Z., Raj, D., Saiepour, N., Van Dam, D., Brouwer, N., Holtman, I. R., Eggen, B. J. L., Möller, T., Tamm, J. A., Abdourahman, A., et al. (2017) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.03.021 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Kobayashi, M., Mikami, D., Kimura, H., Kamiyama, K., Morikawa, Y., Yokoi, S., Kasuno, K., Takahashi, N., Taniguchi, T., & Iwano, M. (2017) · Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications · doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.03.071 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Yuan, L., Liu, S., Bai, X., Gao, Y., Liu, G., Wang, X., Liu, D., Li, T., Hao, A., & Wang, Z. (2016) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/s12974-016-0541-7 · Cited by 213 · see citing works
Neuroinflammatory perspectives on the two faces of Alzheimer?s disease
Eikelenboom, P., & van Gool, W. A. (2004) · Journal of Neural Transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-003-0055-1 · Cited by 181 · see citing works
Woo, J.-Y., Gu, W., Kim, K., Jang, S., Han, M. J., & Kim, D. (2014) · Anaerobe · doi:10.1016/j.anaerobe.2014.03.003 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
Neuroinflammation, gut microbiome, and Alzheimer's disease
Lin, L., Zheng, L. J., & Zhang, L. J. (2018) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-018-0983-2 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Sun, J., Liu, S., Ling, Z., Wang, F., Ling, Y., Gong, T., Fang, N., Ye, S., Si, J., & Liu, J. (2019) · Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.8b07313 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
Self-citationSelective suppression of the α isoform of p38 MAPK rescues late-stage tau pathology
Maphis, N., Jiang, S., Xu, G., Kokiko-Cochran, O. N., Roy, S. M., Van Eldik, L. J., Watterson, D. M., Lamb, B. T., & Bhaskar, K. (2016) · Alzheimer's Research & Therapy · doi:10.1186/s13195-016-0221-y · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Nicotinamide mononucleotide inhibits JNK activation to reverse Alzheimer disease
Yao, Z., Yang, W., Gao, Z., & Jia, P. (2017) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2017.03.027 · Cited by 140 · see citing works
Yang, P., Sheng, D., Guo, Q., Wang, P., Xu, S., Qian, K., Li, Y., Cheng, Y., Wang, L., Lü, W., et al. (2020) · Biomaterials · doi:10.1016/j.biomaterials.2020.119844 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Rajapakse, N., Kim, M., Mendis, E., & Kim, S. (2008) · Immunology · doi:10.1111/j.1365-2567.2007.02683.x · Cited by 128 · see citing works
Liang, H., Chen, A., Lai, X., Liu, J., Wu, J., Kang, Y., Wang, X., & Shao, L. (2018) · Particle and Fibre Toxicology · doi:10.1186/s12989-018-0274-0 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Self-citationYang, X., Diling, C., Yang, J. T., Ting, L., Guoyan, H., Hualun, L., Xiaocui, T., Lai, G., Shuai, O., Chaoqun, Z., et al. (2018) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2018.00412 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Liu, J., Fu, Y., Zhang, H., Wang, J., Zhu, J. F., Wang, Y., Guo, Y., Wang, G., Xu, T., Chu, M., et al. (2017) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/c7fo00355b · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Self-citationOridonin Attenuates Aβ1–42-Induced Neuroinflammation and Inhibits NF-κB Pathway
Wang, S., Yang, H., Yu, L., Jin, J., Qian, L., Zhao, H., Xu, Y., & Zhu, X. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104745 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Chen, S., Sun, J., Zhao, G., Guo, A. W., Chen, Y., Fu, R., & Deng, Y. (2017) · Neurochemical Research · doi:10.1007/s11064-017-2250-8 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Self-citationIs Alzheimer’s disease an inflammasomopathy?
Pereira, C., Santos, A. E., Moreira, P. I., Pereira, A. C., Sousa, F. J., Cardoso, S. M., & Cruz, M. T. (2019) · Ageing Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.arr.2019.100966 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Velagapudi, R., Aderogba, M. A., & Olajide, O. A. (2014) · Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects · doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.08.008 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
Wang, D., Fu, Q., Zhou, Y., Xu, B., Shi, Q., Igwe, B., Matt, L., Hell, J., Wisely, E. V., Oddo, S., et al. (2013) · Journal of Biological Chemistry · doi:10.1074/jbc.m112.415141 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Acetate supplementation attenuates lipopolysaccharide‐induced neuroinflammation
Reisenauer, C. J., Bhatt, D. P., Mitteness, D. J., Slanczka, E. R., Gienger, H. M., Watt, J. A., & Rosenberger, T. A. (2011) · Journal of Neurochemistry · doi:10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07198.x · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Metabolic Acetate Therapy for the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury
Arun, P., Ariyannur, P. S., Moffett, J. R., Xing, G., Hamilton, K. R., Grunberg, N. E., Ives, J. A., & Namboodiri, A. M. A. (2009) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2009.0994 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Maqbool, A., Lattke, M., Wirth, T., & Baumann, B. (2013) · Molecular Neurodegeneration · doi:10.1186/1750-1326-8-40 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Metabolic acetate therapy improves phenotype in the tremor rat model of Canavan disease
Arun, P., Madhavarao, C. N., Moffett, J. R., Hamilton, K. R., Grunberg, N. E., Ariyannur, P. S., Gahl, W. A., Anikster, Y., Mog, S. R., Hallows, W. C., et al. (2010) · Journal of Inherited Metabolic Disease · doi:10.1007/s10545-010-9100-z · Cited by 71 · see citing works
AMPK-mediated regulation of neuronal metabolism and function in brain diseases
Liu, Y., & Chern, Y. (2015) · Journal of Neurogenetics · doi:10.3109/01677063.2015.1067203 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Ramin, M., Azizi, P., Motamedi, F., Haghparast, A., & Khodagholi, F. (2010) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.017 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Zou, C., Shi, Y., Ohli, J., Schüller, U., Dorostkar, M., & Herms, J. (2016) · Acta Neuropathologica · doi:10.1007/s00401-015-1527-8 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Potential protective effects ofClostridium butyricumon experimental gastric ulcers in mice
Wang, F. (2015) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v21.i27.8340 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Wang, M.-J., Jeng, K.-C. G., Kuo, J., Chen, H.-L., Huang, H.-Y., Chen, W.-F., & Lin, S. (2003) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2003.10.034 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Self-citationSmith, M. D., Bhatt, D. P., Geiger, J. D., & Rosenberger, T. A. (2014) · Journal of Neuroinflammation · doi:10.1186/1742-2094-11-99 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Reale, M., D’Angelo, C., Costantini, E., Nicola, M. D., Yarla, N. S., Kamal, M. A., Salvador, N., & Perry, G. L. (2018) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.3233/jad-170999 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Menachem-Zidon, O. B., Menahem, Y. B., Hur, T. B., et al. (2014) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2014.264 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Microbiota–gut–brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases
Loh, J. S., Mak, W. Q., Tan, L. K. S., Ng, C. X., Chan, H. H., Yeow, S. H., Foo, J. B., Ong, Y. S., How, C. W., & Khaw, K. Y. (2024) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-024-01743-1 · Cited by 1,193 · see citing works
Sun, Y., Zhang, H., Zhang, X., Wang, W., Chen, Y., Cai, Z., Wang, Q., Wang, J., & Shi, Y. (2023) · Redox Biology · doi:10.1016/j.redox.2023.102690 · Cited by 151 · see citing works
Liu, J., Jin, Y., Ye, Y., Tang, Y., Dai, S., Li, M., Zhao, G., Hong, G., & Lu, Z.-Q. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.626894 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Self-citationZhao, Q., Chen, J., Wu, M., Yin, X., Jiang, Q., Gao, H., & Zheng, H. (2023) · Chemico-Biological Interactions · doi:10.1016/j.cbi.2023.110638 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Early changes of fecal short‐chain fatty acid levels in patients with mild cognitive impairments
Gao, C., Li, B., He, Y., Huang, P., Du, J., He, G., Zhang, P., Tang, H., & Chen, S. (2023) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.14252 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Guo, W., Gou, X., Yu, L., Zhang, Q., Yang, P., Pang, M., Pang, X., Pang, C., Wei, Y., & Zhang, X. (2023) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2023.1129470 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
- Authors
- Liu, J., Li, H., Gong, T., Chen, W., Mao, S., Kong, Y., Yu, J., & Sun, J.
- Affiliations
- Wenzhou Medical University (CN)
- Taizhou Second People's Hospital (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Sun, Jing
- Venue
- Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2020-06-25
- Volume
- 68
- Issue
- 27
- Pages
- 7152-7161
- ISSN
- 0021-8561 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5118
- OpenAlex
- W3037122402
- Cited by
- 199
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 32 · 2025: 48 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 28 · 2022: 27 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 10.68
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81871094)
- Basic & Public Welfare Research Foundation of Zhejiang (LGF18H090016)
- Science & Technology Foundation of Wenzhou (Y20170065)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Alzheimer's disease research and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration Mechanisms
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Neurological Disease Mechanisms and Treatments
- Keywords
- Alzheimer's disease, GPR41, neuroinflammation, microglial activation, amyloid-beta, cognitive impairment, cyclooxygenase-2, IL-1β, APP/PS1 mice, neuroprotection
- MeSH terms
- Acetates, Alzheimer Disease, Animals, Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Cognition, Fatty Acids, Volatile, Humans, Male, Mice, Transgenic, Up-Regulation, Amyloid beta-Peptides, NF-kappa B, Neuroprotective Agents, Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled, Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases, MAP Kinase Kinase 4, Mice, Cyclooxygenase 2
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review