Processing of Materials for Regenerative Medicine Using Supercritical Fluid Technology
Abstract
The increase in the world demand of bone and cartilage replacement therapies urges the development of advanced synthetic scaffolds for regenerative purposes, not only providing mechanical support for tissue formation, but also promoting and guiding the tissue growth. Conventional manufacturing techniques have severe restrictions for designing these upgraded scaffolds, namely, regarding the use of organic solvents, shearing forces, and high operating temperatures. In this context, the use of supercritical fluid technology has emerged as an attractive solution to design solvent-free scaffolds and ingredients for scaffolds under mild processing conditions. The state-of-the-art on the technological endeavors for scaffold production using supercritical fluids is presented in this work with a critical review on the key processing parameters as well as the main advantages and limitations of each technique. A special stress is focused on the strategies suitable for the incorporation of bioactive agents (drugs, bioactive glasses, and growth factors) and the in vitro and in vivo performance of supercritical CO2-processed scaffolds.
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PLCL materials fabricated via supercritical CO2 foaming tend to have higher porosity and lower density; higher specific surface area can improve biocompatibility and cell adhesion but mechanical strength is reduced.
“PLCL materials fabricated via supercritical CO₂ foaming technology tend to have higher porosity and lower density. Higher specific surface area can improve the biocompatibility and cell adhesion of the materials, but the mechanical strength is also reduced [65].”
From Application of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering (2026) · cites this paper as [65]
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Fernandes, H. R., Gaddam, A., Rebelo, A., Brazete, D., Stan, G. E., & Ferreira, J. M. F. (2018) · Materials · doi:10.3390/ma11122530 · Cited by 397 · see citing works
Karamikamkar, S., Yalcintas, E. P., Haghniaz, R., de Barros, N. R., Mecwan, M., Nasiri, R., Davoodi, E., Nasrollahi, F., Erdem, A., Kang, H., et al. (2023) · Advanced Science · doi:10.1002/advs.202204681 · Cited by 109 · see citing works
Santos-Rosales, V., Magariños, B., Starbird, R., Suárez-González, J., Fariña, J. B., Alvarez-Lorenzo, C., & García-González, C. A. (2021) · International Journal of Pharmaceutics · doi:10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.120801 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Self-citationApplication of PLCL as a biodegradable polymer in biomedical engineering
Zhao, Y., & Liu, H. (2026) · Journal of Materials Science Materials in Medicine · doi:10.1007/s10856-026-07016-3 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
- Authors
- García-González, C. A., Concheiro, A., & Alvarez-Lorenzo, C.
- Affiliations
- Departamento de Farmacia y Tecnología Farmacéutica, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, E-15782-Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Venue
- Bioconjugate Chemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2015-01-26
- Volume
- 26
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 1159-1171
- ISSN
- 1043-1802 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-4812
- OpenAlex
- W2323877680
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 140
- Citations by year
- 2026: 6 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 14 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 15 · 2018: 9 · 2017: 13 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 2
- FWCI
- 0.85
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Bioconjugate Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- MICINN
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Phase Equilibria and Thermodynamics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Polymer Foaming and Composites
- Keywords
- supercritical fluid processing, supercritical carbon dioxide, tissue engineering scaffolds, bone replacement, cartilage replacement, bioactive glass, growth factors, drug incorporation, scaffold mechanical properties, scaffold biocompatibility
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Carbon Dioxide, Equipment Design, Humans, Drug Delivery Systems, Tissue Engineering, Regenerative Medicine, Tissue Scaffolds
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