Poly(propylene fumarate) bone tissue engineering scaffold fabrication using stereolithography: effects of resin formulations and laser parameters
Abstract
Stereolithography using photo-cross-linkable polymeric biomaterials is an effective technique for fabricating highly complex three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds with controlled microstructures for tissue engineering applications. In this study, we have optimized the UV curable polymer solution composition and laser parameters for the stereolithography machine. Poly(propylene fumarate) (PPF) was used as the biomaterial, diethyl fumarate (DEF) was used as the solvent, and bisacrylphosphrine oxide (BAPO) was used as the photoinitiator. Three different weight ratios of PPF/DEF and BAPO contents were characterized by measuring the viscosities and thermal properties of the un-cross-linked solutions and the mechanical properties of the formed scaffolds. After optimizing the resin composition by satisfying both the viscosity limitation and the mechanical requirement, laser parameters such as critical exposure (Ec) and penetration depth (Dp) were determined from the working curve and the relationship between laser speed and energy by measuring the thickness of predesigned windows fabricated in stereolithography with different ranges of Ec and Dp. Three-dimensional scaffolds with various pore sizes, pore shapes, and porosities were designed in computer-aided design (CAD) software and were fabricated in stereolithography. The fabricated scaffolds were characterized by measuring external dimensions, porosities, mean pore sizes, and compressive moduli and were compared to the CAD models. Feature accuracy in the xy-plane was achieved and overcuring of the resin in z-axis was minimized. The stereolithographically fabricated scaffolds with controlled microstructures can be useful in diverse tissue engineering applications.
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Resolutions of up to 50 μm have been achieved using photo-polymerization techniques for the spatial patterning of materials in a layer-by-layer approach by stereo-lithography.
“Resolutions of up to 50 μm have been achieved using photo-polymerization techniques for the spatial In vitro degradation and mechanical properties of PLA-PCL copolymer unit cell scaffolds generated by two-photon polymerization patterning of materials in a layer-by-layer approach by stereo-lithography [16,17].”
From <i>In vitro</i> degradation and mechanical properties of PLA-PCL copolymer unit cell scaffolds generated by two-photon polymerization (2016) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Lee, K.-W., Wang, S., Fox, B. C., Ritman, E. L., Yaszemski, M. J., & Lu, L.
- Affiliations
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Venue
- Biomacromolecules
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2007-02-28
- Volume
- 8
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1077-1084
- ISSN
- 1525-7797 (ISSN-L)
- 1526-4602
- OpenAlex
- W2147340276
- Cited by
- 292
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 22 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 22 · 2018: 18 · 2017: 16 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 16 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 10
- FWCI
- 8.37
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biomacromolecules (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases (R01 AR45871, R01AR045871)
- National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (R01EB000305, R01EB003060)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › 3D Printing in Biomedical Research
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Automotive Engineering › Additive Manufacturing and 3D Printing Technologies
- Keywords
- poly(propylene fumarate), stereolithography, bone scaffolds, resin formulation, diethyl fumarate, photoinitiators, laser parameters, penetration depth, scaffold porosity, pore size, compressive modulus, UV-curable polymers
- MeSH terms
- Fumarates, Lasers, Polypropylenes, Resins, Synthetic, Ultraviolet Rays, Imaging, Three-Dimensional, Tissue Engineering
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