Systemic uptake of diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, and butyl paraben following whole-body topical application and reproductive and thyroid hormone levels in humans
Abstract
In vitro and animal studies have reported endocrine-disrupting activity of chemicals used commonly as additives in cosmetics and skin care products. We investigated whether diethyl phthalate (DEP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), and butyl paraben (BP) were systemically absorbed and influenced endogenous reproductive and thyroid hormone levels in humans after topical application. In a two-week single-blinded study, 26 healthy young male volunteers were assigned to daily whole-body topical application of 2 mg/cm2 basic cream formulation each without (week one) and with (week two) the three 2% (w/w) compounds. The concentrations of BP and the main phthalate metabolites monoethyl (MEP) and monobutyl phthalate (MBP) were measured in serum together with the following reproductive hormones: follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), lutenising hormone (LH), testosterone, estradiol, and inhibin B and thyroid hormones (thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), free thyroxine (FT4), total triiodothyroxine (T3), and total thyroxine (T4)). MEP, MBP, and BP peaked in serum a few hours after application, reaching mean +/- SEM levels of 1001 +/- 81 microg/L, 51 +/- 6 microg/ L, and 135 +/- 11 microg/L, respectively. Only MEP was detectable in serum before treatment. Minor differences in inhibin B, LH, estradiol, T4, FT4, and TSH were observed between the two weeks, but these were not related to exposure. We demonstrated for the first time that DEP, DBP, and BP could be systemically absorbed in man after topica…
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Skin absorption in human volunteers has been demonstrated for DEHP dissolved in ethanol and for DEP and DBP in a cream formulation.
“Skin absorption in human volunteers has been demonstrated for DEHP dissolved in ethanol ([ 14 C]DEHP) (Wester et al., 1998) as well as DEP and DBP (2 % (w/w) in a cream formulation over a week (Janjua et al., 2007).”
From Human skin absorption of three phthalates (2024) · cites this paper as Janjua et al., 2007
The study's urinary phthalate metabolite elimination results are similar to Janjua et al. 2007, where urinary MEP concentration peaked 8-12 hours after application.
“Our urinary phthalate metabolite elimination results are similar to another study (Janjua et al., 2007), where a basic cream formulation containing DEP was applied to the whole body of 26 par ticipants. They found that the urinary MEP concentration peaked 8 -12 hours after application, which is in the same realm as our study (Fig. 3D).”
From Human skin absorption of three phthalates (2024) · cites this paper as Janjua et al., 2007
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- Authors
- Janjua, N. R., Mortensen, G. K., Andersson, A.-M., Kongshoj, B., Niels E. Skakkebæk, A., & Wulf, H. C.
- Affiliations
- Bispebjerg Hospital (DK)
- Department of Dermatology, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospitals, Denmark
- Corresponding author
- Janjua, Nadeem Rezaq
- Venue
- Environmental Science & Technology
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2007-06-26
- Volume
- 41
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 5564-5570
- ISSN
- 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5851
- OpenAlex
- W1989429411
- Cited by
- 302
- References
- 19
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 17 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 19 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 15 · 2019: 18 · 2018: 25 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 13 · 2015: 20 · 2014: 18 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 20
- FWCI
- 7.07
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Environmental Science & Technology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Pesticide Exposure and Toxicity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Dermatology › Contact Dermatitis and Allergies
- Keywords
- diethyl phthalate, dibutyl phthalate, butylparaben, phthalate metabolites, monoethyl phthalate, mono-n-butyl phthalate, systemic absorption, topical application, endocrine disruption, reproductive hormones, thyroid hormones, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, testosterone, estradiol, inhibin B, thyroid-stimulating hormone, free thyroxine, triiodothyronine, cosmetics, skin care products
- MeSH terms
- Administration, Topical, Adult, Dibutyl Phthalate, Humans, Hypothalamo-Hypophyseal System, Male, Parabens, Phthalic Acids, Pituitary-Adrenal System, Gonadal Steroid Hormones, Thyroid Hormones
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