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The DOI matches its Crossref record; 124 of the 124 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.

Environmental Transformations of Silver Nanoparticles: Impact on Stability and Toxicity

Levard, Clément, Hotze, E. Matt, Lowry, Gregory V., Brown, Gordon E.·2012·Environmental Science & Technology

Abstract

Silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) readily transform in the environment, which modifies their properties and alters their transport, fate, and toxicity. It is essential to consider such transformations when assessing the potential environmental impact of Ag-NPs. This review discusses the major transformation processes of Ag-NPs in various aqueous environments, particularly transformations of the metallic Ag cores caused by reactions with (in)organic ligands, and the effects of such transformations on physical and chemical stability and toxicity. Thermodynamic arguments are used to predict what forms of oxidized silver will predominate in various environmental scenarios. Silver binds strongly to sulfur (both organic and inorganic) in natural systems (fresh and sea waters) as well as in wastewater treatment plants, where most Ag-NPs are expected to be concentrated and then released. Sulfidation of Ag-NPs results in a significant decrease in their toxicity due to the lower solubility of silver sulfide, potentially limiting their short-term environmental impact. This review also discusses some of the major unanswered questions about Ag-NPs, which, when answered, will improve predictions about their potential environmental impacts. Research needed to address these questions includes fundamental molecular-level studies of Ag-NPs and their transformation products, particularly Ag(2)S-NPs, in simplified model systems containing common (in)organic ligands, as well as under more realistic environmental conditions using microcosm/mesocosm-type experiments. Toxicology studies of Ag-NP transformation products, including different states of aggregation and sulfidation, are also required. In addition, there is the need to characterize the surface structures, compositions, and morphologies of Ag-NPs and Ag(2)S-NPs to the extent possible because they control properties such as solubility and reactivity.

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Metadata

Authors
Levard, C., Hotze, E. M., Lowry, G. V., & Brown, G. E.
Venue
Environmental Science & Technology
Published
2012-02-29
Volume
46
Issue
13
Pages
6900-6914
ISSN
  • 0013-936X (ISSN-L)
  • 1520-5851
OpenAlex
W2062144566
Cited by
1,522
References
124
FWCI
54.15
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
closed

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