Beyond Picomolar Affinities: Quantitative Aspects of Noncovalent and Covalent Binding of Drugs to Proteins
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ADVERTISEMENT RETURN TO ISSUEPerspectiveNEXTBeyond Picomolar Affinities: Quantitative Aspects of Noncovalent and Covalent Binding of Drugs to ProteinsAdam J. T. Smith†, Xiyun Zhang†, Andrew G. Leach‡, and K. N. Houk*†View Author Information Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, and AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, SK10 4TG, U.K.* To whom correspondence should be addressed. Phone: 310-206-0515. Fax: 310-206-1843. E-mail: [email protected]†University of California, Los Angeles.‡AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals.Cite this: J. Med. Chem. 2009, 52, 2, 225–233Publication Date (Web):November 21, 2008Publication History Received30 April 2008Published online21 November 2008Published inissue 22 January 2009https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/jm800498ehttps://doi.org/10.1021/jm800498ereview-articleACS PublicationsCopyright © 2008 American Chemical SocietyRequest reuse permissionsArticle Views9521Altmetric-Citations150LEARN ABOUT THESE METRICSArticle Views are the COUNTER-compliant sum of full text article downloads since November 2008 (both PDF and HTML) across all institutions and individuals. These metrics are regularly updated to reflect usage leading up to the last few days.Citations are the number of other articles citing this article, calculated by Crossref and updated daily. Find more information about Crossref citation counts.The Altmetric Attention Score is a quantitative measure of the attention that a research article has received online. Clicking on the donut icon will load a page at altmetric.com with additional details about the score and the social media presence for the given article. Find more information on the Altmetric Attention Score and how the score is calculated. Share Add toView InAdd Full Text with ReferenceAdd Description ExportRISCitationCitation and abstractCitation and referencesMore Options Share onFacebookTwitterWechatLinked InRedditEmail Other access optionsGet e-Alertsclose SUBJECTS:Inhibitors,Noncovalent interactions,Peptides and proteins,Receptors,Screening assays Get e-Alerts
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Covalent inhibitors can reduce dosage and improve compliance, avoiding some potential resistance mechanisms.
“At the same time, covalent inhibitors can also reduce dosage and improve compliance, avoiding some potential resistance mechanisms.33,34”
From Recent advances in targeting the “undruggable” proteins: from drug discovery to clinical trials (2023) · cites this paper as [33]
Covalent inhibitors are excellent candidates for disrupting PPIs but may not be ideal choices for other targets.
“It should be noted that while covalent inhibitors are excellent candidates for disrupting PPIs, they may not be ideal choices for other targets [125, 126].”
From The design and development of covalent protein-protein interaction inhibitors for cancer treatment (2020) · cites this paper as [126]
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The resurgence of covalent drugs
Singh, J., Petter, R. C., Baillie, T. A., & Whitty, A. (2011) · Nature Reviews Drug Discovery · doi:10.1038/nrd3410 · Cited by 1,873 · see citing works
Targeted Covalent Inhibitors for Drug Design
Baillie, T. A. (2016) · Angewandte Chemie International Edition · doi:10.1002/anie.201601091 · Cited by 578 · see citing works
Bauer, R. A. (2015) · Drug Discovery Today · doi:10.1016/j.drudis.2015.05.005 · Cited by 534 · see citing works
Recent advances in targeting the “undruggable” proteins: from drug discovery to clinical trials
Xie, X., Yu, T., Li, X., Zhang, N., Foster, L. J., Peng, C., Huang, W., & He, G. (2023) · Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy · doi:10.1038/s41392-023-01589-z · Cited by 396 · see citing works
Strategies for Discovering and Derisking Covalent, Irreversible Enzyme Inhibitors
Johnson, D. S., Weerapana, E., & Cravatt, B. F. (2010) · Future Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.4155/fmc.10.21 · Cited by 387 · see citing works
Irreversible Protein Kinase Inhibitors: Balancing the Benefits and Risks
Barf, T., & Kaptein, A. (2012) · Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1021/jm3003203 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Covalent inhibitors design and discovery.
De Cesco, S., Kurian, J., Dufresne, C., Mittermaier, A. K., & Moitessier, N. (2017) · European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.06.019 · Cited by 315 · see citing works
Covalent docking of large libraries for the discovery of chemical probes
London, N., Miller, R. M., Krishnan, S., Uchida, K., Irwin, J. J., Eidam, O., Gibold, L., Cimermančič, P., Bonnet, R., Shoichet, B. K., et al. (2014) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.1666 · Cited by 274 · see citing works
Inhibition of Mcl-1 through covalent modification of a noncatalytic lysine side chain
Akçay, G., Belmonte, M. A., Aquila, B., Chuaqui, C., Hird, A. W., Lamb, M. L., Rawlins, P. B., Su, N., Tentarelli, S., Grimster, N. P., et al. (2016) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.2174 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
Theory and Applications of Covalent Docking in Drug Discovery: Merits and Pitfalls
Kumalo, H., Bhakat, S., & Soliman, M. (2015) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules20021984 · Cited by 158 · see citing works
Ouyang, X., Zhou, S., Su, C. T. T., Ge, Z., Li, R., & Kwoh, C. K. (2013) · Journal of Computational Chemistry · doi:10.1002/jcc.23136 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
New Electrophiles and Strategies for Mechanism-Based and Targeted Covalent Inhibitor Design
Ray, S., & Murkin, A. S. (2019) · Biochemistry · doi:10.1021/acs.biochem.9b00293 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Selective irreversible inhibition of a protease by targeting a noncatalytic cysteine
Hagel, M., Niu, D., St Martin, T., Sheets, M. P., Qiao, L., Bernard, H., Karp, R. M., Zhu, Z., Labenski, M. T., Chaturvedi, P., et al. (2011) · Nature Chemical Biology · doi:10.1038/nchembio.492 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
The design and development of covalent protein-protein interaction inhibitors for cancer treatment
Cheng, S.-S., Yang, G.-J., Wang, W., Leung, C.-H., & Ma, D.-L. (2020) · Journal of Hematology & Oncology · doi:10.1186/s13045-020-00850-0 · Cited by 98 · see citing works
Targeted covalent inhibitors of MDM2 using electrophile-bearing stapled peptides
Charoenpattarapreeda, J., Tan, Y. S., Iegre, J., Walsh, S. J., Fowler, E., Eapen, R. S., Wu, Y., Sore, H. F., Verma, C. S., Itzhaki, L., et al. (2019) · Chemical Communications · doi:10.1039/c9cc04022f · Cited by 35 · see citing works
- Authors
- Smith, A. J. T., Zhang, X., Leach, A. G., & Houk, K. N.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Los Angeles (US)
- Corresponding author
- Houk, K. N.
- Venue
- Journal of Medicinal Chemistry
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2008-11-21
- Volume
- 52
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 225-233
- ISSN
- 0022-2623 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-4804
- PMC
- PMC2646787
- OpenAlex
- W1975430993
- Cited by
- 193
- References
- 101
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 19 · 2020: 17 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 8 · 2013: 10 · 2012: 12
- FWCI
- 2.88
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- green
- www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov
- Locations
- Journal of Medicinal Chemistry (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- National Institute of General Medical Sciences (R01GM036700)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Protein Interaction Studies and Fluorescence Analysis
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computational Theory and Mathematics › Computational Drug Discovery Methods
- Physical Sciences › Chemistry › Physical and Theoretical Chemistry › thermodynamics and calorimetric analyses
- Keywords
- drug-protein binding, covalent drug binding, non-covalent binding, binding affinity, picomolar affinity, binding kinetics, binding thermodynamics, drug discovery, protein-ligand interactions, binding free energy, binding selectivity, binding specificity, binding isotherms, binding stoichiometry, cooperative binding
- MeSH terms
- Absorption, Pharmaceutical Preparations, Enzymes, Protein Binding, Proteins, Thermodynamics
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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