Elucidating the Structure of Poly(dopamine)
Abstract
Herein we propose a new structure for poly(dopamine), a synthetic eumelanin that has found broad utility as an antifouling agent. Commercially available 3-hydroxytyramine hydrochloride (dopamine HCl) was polymerized under aerobic, aqueous conditions using tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane (TRIS) as a basic polymerization initiator, affording a darkly colored powder product upon isolation. The polymer was analyzed using a variety of solid state spectroscopic and crystallographic techniques. Collectively, the data showed that in contrast to previously proposed models, poly(dopamine) is not a covalent polymer but instead a supramolecular aggregate of monomers (consisting primarily of 5,6-dihydroxyindoline and its dione derivative) that are held together through a combination of charge transfer, π-stacking, and hydrogen bonding interactions.
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The adhesive mechanism of PDA on the interface of various substrates still remains debating due to the complexities of structural analysis of PDA and its analogous molecules such as eumelanin.
“However, the adhesive mechanism of PDA on the interface of various substrates still remains debating due to the complexities of structural analysis of PDA and its analogous molecules such as eumelanin [32–35].”
From Polydopamine-Assisted Surface Modification for Bone Biosubstitutes (2016) · cites this paper as [34]
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- Authors
- Dreyer, D. R., Miller, D. J., Freeman, B. D., Paul, D. R., & Bielawski, C. W.
- Affiliations
- The University of Texas at Austin (US)
- Corresponding author
- Freeman, Benny D.
- Paul, Donald R.
- Bielawski, Christopher W.
- Venue
- Langmuir
- Publisher
- American Chemical Society (ACS)
- Published
- 2012-04-04
- Volume
- 28
- Issue
- 15
- Pages
- 6428-6435
- ISSN
- 0743-7463 (ISSN-L)
- 1520-5827
- OpenAlex
- W2035955364
- Cited by
- 1,086
- References
- 4
- Citations by year
- 2026: 36 · 2025: 51 · 2024: 71 · 2023: 78 · 2022: 91 · 2021: 117 · 2020: 80 · 2019: 99 · 2018: 103 · 2017: 75 · 2016: 64 · 2015: 67 · 2014: 90 · 2013: 47 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 30.89
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Langmuir (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Scholarworks@UNIST (Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Science Foundation
- Welch Foundation
- Texas A and M University
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Surfaces, Coatings and Films › Polymer Surface Interaction Studies
- Physical Sciences › Engineering › Ocean Engineering › Marine Biology and Environmental Chemistry
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Conducting polymers and applications
- Keywords
- polydopamine, eumelanin, polymer structure, supramolecular aggregates, charge transfer, π-π stacking, hydrogen bonding, antifouling agents, crystal structure
- MeSH terms
- Biological Products, Indoles, Melanins, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Polymers, Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared
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