CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 97Bone Tissue Engineering MaterialsPolymer Surface Interaction StudiesSurface Treatment and Coatings

Polydopamine-Assisted Surface Modification for Bone Biosubstitutes

Open access
Huang, Shishu, Liang, Nuanyi, Hu, Yang, Zhou, Xin, Abidi, Noureddine·2016·BioMed Research International
DOI 10.1155/2016/2389895PMC PMC4993928
Open this paper in CoChat — free accountOpen PDF

Abstract

Polydopamine (PDA) prepared in the form of a layer of polymerized dopamine (DA) in a weak alkaline solution has been used as a versatile biomimetic surface modifier as well as a broadly used immobilizing macromolecule. This review mainly discusses the progress of biomaterial surface modification inspired by the participation of PDA in bone tissue engineering. A comparison between PDA-assisted coating techniques and traditional surface modification applied to bone tissue engineering is first presented. Secondly, the chemical composition and the underlying formation mechanism of PDA coating layer as a unique surface modifier are interpreted and discussed. Furthermore, several typical examples are provided to evidence the importance of PDA-assisted coating techniques in the construction of bone biosubstitutes and the improvement of material biocompatibility. Nowadays, the application of PDA as a superior surface modifier in multifunctional biomaterials is drawing tremendous interests in bone tissue scaffolds to promote the osteointegration for bone regeneration.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This review summarizes polydopamine (PDA)-assisted surface modification for bone biosubstitutes, covering PDA formation, biomolecule immobilization, and applications in bone tissue engineering. It argues that PDA coatings are versatile, mild-condition surface modifiers that can improve mineralization, cell responses, and biocompatibility of metallic and polymeric bone substitutes.

Key findings

  • PDA coating forms on diverse substrates via oxidative polymerization of dopamine in weak alkaline solution; coating thickness can be tuned from 10–100 nm by incubation time and substrate interface.
  • The PDA layer can immobilize functional biomolecules (e.g., BMP-2, RGD, ALP, VEGF, BFP-1, nano-HA) through Schiff-base/Michael addition and other interactions, often without adversely affecting their activity.
  • In bone applications, PDA-assisted modification supports mineralization, osteoblast proliferation and calcium deposition, cell attachment, and in vivo bone regeneration; examples include calcitriol-loaded PDA collagen membrane in rat mandibular defects, SIS-modified PP for pelvic reconstruction, BMP-2-immobilized aligned PLLA nanofibers in a mouse calvarial defect model, BFP-1 on PLGA in a nude murine model, and nano-HA on PCL.
  • PDA coating can enhance biocompatibility and blood compatibility, e.g., reducing blood toxicity of CdSe quantum dots on PLLA and reducing platelet attachment/blood clotting on BSA-grafted nylon/cellulose/polyethersulfone.

Methods

  • Narrative review of literature on PDA-assisted surface modification for bone biosubstitutes; no primary experimental study.
  • Discusses chemical formation mechanisms, immobilization chemistry, material categories (metals/alloys such as Ti6Al4V; synthetic and bioderived polymers such as PLGA, PCL, PLLA, collagen, and cellulose), and selected in vitro/in vivo examples from cited studies.
  • Main analysis is qualitative synthesis and comparison with traditional surface modification; no systematic search strategy, inclusion criteria, or quantitative meta-analysis is described.

Limitations

  • The paper states that the adhesive mechanism of PDA on various substrates remains debated due to structural complexity; the second step of PDA formation remains elusive, and the noncovalent bonding/quinhydrone polymerization model is controversial and not broadly acknowledged.
  • Evident from the text: as a narrative review, it does not report a systematic literature search, risk-of-bias assessment, or quantitative synthesis; many cited outcomes are from heterogeneous studies and are described without pooled effect sizes.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1155/2016/2389895

Cites

100 of 100 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

25 of 138 cited sources checked · 1 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    PDA-assisted surface modification is strongly subjected to the formation of PDA coating on the biomaterial interface caused by the oxidation reaction of dopamine (DA) in weak alkaline solution.

    “PDA-assisted surface modification is strongly subjected to the formation of PDA coating on the biomaterial interface caused by the oxidation reaction of dopamine (DA) in weak alkaline solution.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [29] source

      The passages labeled Abstract (page not provided) describe dopamine self-polymerization forming an adherent polydopamine coating and report film deposition from an aqueous dopamine solution at pH 8.5. They do not identify oxidation of dopamine as the reaction causing the initial coating to form; the passage mentioning oxidizing conditions concerns subsequent reactions on an existing coating. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [31] source
    • cites [38] source
  • Premisecitation

    The polydopamine coating layer has a tunable thickness of 10-100 nm depending on incubation time and material interface.

    “Such a PDA coating layer with tunable thickness of 10–100 nm as functions of incubation time and various material interfaces [51, 52]”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [51] 2015

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites [52] source

      The Results and Discussion section, under “Mass and thickness of polydopamine film” (page not provided), reports that coating thickness on QCM chips increased with polymerization time and gives measurements of 44.95 ± 1.15 nm and 53.55 ± 0.25 nm. It does not establish a 10–100 nm range or show that thickness varies with the material interface. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Upon oxidative polymerization of dopamine, a polydopamine coating layer can form on various substrate interfaces, including noble metals, oxides, ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors.

    “Upon the occurrence of oxidative polymerization of DA, PDA coating layer can be perfectly formed on various interfaces of substrates including noble metals, oxides, ceramics, polymers, and semiconductors [29].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
  • Premisecitation

    Biomacromolecules such as proteins, peptides, and DNA can anchor on the surface of biosubstitutes via the polydopamine coating layer.

    “In addition, biomacromolecules, such as proteins, peptides, and DNA, can anchor on the surface of biosubstitutes via the PDA coating layer [50, 57–60].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [50] source
    • cites [57] source
    • cites [58] source

      The main text (page not provided) reports immobilizing the protein trypsin and a model peptide on polydopamine-coated substrates. Its summary says the method “may prove useful” for immobilizing DNA; it does not report DNA attachment as an established result. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [59] source
    • cites [60] source

      The Background and Results and discussion (‘Lipase immobilization onto PD-MNPs’; page unavailable) say that polydopamine coatings immobilize biomolecules and demonstrate attachment of lipase, a protein, to magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Our copy does not specifically establish attachment of peptides or DNA, or address surfaces described as ‘biosubstitutes.’ (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    The surface-modification function inspired by the polydopamine coating layer varies according to different biosubstitutes and different immobilized biomolecules.

    “However, such a function of surface modification inspired by PDA coating layer varies according to different biosubstitutes and different immobilized biomolecules [68].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [68] source

      The introduction (page not supplied) says that immobilization strategies can be ineffective for different substrate–biomolecule pairs because of changes in substrate chemistry. That supports the general point about variation, but the paper studies a mussel-mimetic p(DOMA-AEMA) coating, not a polydopamine coating layer, and does not establish the claimed variation for PDA specifically. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims. 22
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 15

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Amine-(thiol-) terminated methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG-SH/mPEG-NH2) with a polydopamine coating layer can improve cell adhesion behavior, although this biosubstitute material inhibits growth of NIH 3T3 cells.

    “The amine-(thiol-) terminated methoxy-poly(ethylene glycol) (mPEG-SH/mPEG-NH2) with PDA coating layer can improve the cell adhesion behavior although this biosubstitute material exhibits an adverse effect of inhibiting the growth of NIH 3T3 cells [29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] source

      The supplied passage (labeled Abstract; page unavailable) says mPEG-SH grafted onto polydopamine-coated surfaces dramatically reduced fibroblast attachment, contrary to the claim that it improves cell adhesion. It attributes the decrease to mPEG-SH; it does not report inhibition of NIH 3T3 cell growth. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The bioadhesive application of DA has been documented, which highlights PDA for the same adhesive purpose because PDA is derived from DA and it has characteristics similar to DA.

    “The bioadhesive application of DA has been documented, which highlights PDA for the same adhesive purpose because PDA is derived from DA and it has characteristics similar to DA [29].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [29] source

      The Abstract reports that dopamine self-polymerizes into polydopamine coatings that adhere to many materials, supporting PDA’s surface-adhesive use and its derivation from DA. It does not document DA itself being used as a bioadhesive or establish that PDA has similar adhesive characteristics to DA for that purpose; its biological-adhesion findings concern cells on coated surfaces. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The first model exhibits a "covalent bonding" polymerization fashion where DA is polymerized via 5,6-dihydroxyindole monomers following further oxidization and subsequent intermolecular cross-linking of PDA.

    “The first model exhibits a “covalent bonding” polymerization fashion where DA is polymerized via 5,6-dihydroxyindole monomers following further oxidization and subsequent intermolecular cross-linking of PDA [29, 40–44].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [29] source

      The passage labeled Abstract (page unavailable) reports dopamine self-polymerization and proposes catechol oxidation to a quinone followed by polymerization. It explicitly says the exact mechanism is unknown; it does not establish a covalent-bonding model involving 5,6-dihydroxyindole monomers and subsequent intermolecular cross-linking. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [40] source
    • cites [41] source
    • cites [42] source

      The Introduction (page not provided) describes oxidative polymerization of 5,6-dihydroxyindole precursors into eumelanin. Section 2 (page not provided) describes oxidation and interring bonding of those indole units. The paper does not establish the claimed pathway specifically for dopamine (DA) polymerization into polydopamine (PDA). (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [43] source
    • cites [44] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    On organic material surfaces, oxidation of catechol groups exposed on the polydopamine coating layer forms quinone/semiquinone, leading to irreversible covalent bonding between biomolecules and the organic material surface via Michael addition and Schiff formation reactions, and further triggering intermolecular cross-linking among polydopamine polymers.

    “For the surface of organic material, the oxidation of catechol group exposed on the PDA coating layer results in the formation of quinone/semiquinone to form irreversible covalent bonding [19] between biomolecules and the surface of organic material via similar Michael addition and Schiff formation reactions [29] and thereby further trigger the intermolecular cross-linking reactions among PDA”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] source
    • cites [29] source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Coordination bonding and strong chelating bonding with transition metal compounds occur between catechol or diketone groups on the polydopamine coating layer and the interface of inorganic biosubstitutes, along with protein cross-linking.

    “Such coordination bonding and strong chelating bonding with transition metal compound occur between catechol or diketone groups on the PDA coating layer and the interface of inorganic biosubstitutes along with the protein cross-linking [61–66].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 6 sources checked
    • cites [61] source
    • cites [62] source

      The indexed passage labeled Abstract (page unavailable) describes catechol–iron coordination and cross-links between mussel foot protein chains, supporting the general bonding mechanism. It does not establish that such bonds occur at an inorganic biosubstitute interface on a polydopamine (PDA) coating, or that diketone groups participate. (LLM, conf=0.87)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [63] source

      The Results and Discussion (page not provided) report strong, reversible coordination bonds between unoxidized dopa and inorganic oxide surfaces, and describe oxidized dopa as participating in protein cross-linking. The paper studies individual dopa residues, not a polydopamine coating on inorganic biosubstitutes; it does not establish the claimed diketone-mediated chelation at that interface. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [64] source
    • cites [65] source
    • cites [66] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Several mechanisms of the PDA coating layer have been developed and they all consist essentially of two steps, including the autooxidation and intramolecular rearrangement of DA monomers and polymerization of DA monomers.

    “Several mechanisms of the PDA coating layer have been developed and they all consist essentially of two steps as shown in Figure 1, including the autooxidation and intramolecular rearrangement of DA monomers and polymerization of DA monomers [29, 31, 38].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [29] source

      The indexed passage labeled Abstract describes catechol oxidation to a quinone followed by polymerization as a likely pathway for dopamine coating formation. It says the exact mechanism was unknown; it does not establish intramolecular rearrangement or claim that several proposed mechanisms all follow those two steps. The paper’s separate “two-step method” refers to coating formation followed by secondary surface reactions, not the two mechanistic steps in the claim. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [31] source
    • cites [38] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PDA coating exhibits extensive chemical properties spanning from the protection against light damage to the role as biosensors transmitting the biological information, among which the adhesive function of PDA coating is one of the most useful features associated with bone tissue regeneration.

    “PDA coating exhibits extensive chemical properties spanning from the protection against light damage to the role as biosensors transmitting the biological information, among which the adhesive function of PDA coating is one of the most useful features associated with bone tissue regeneration [18].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [18] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    MAPs contain abundant 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (DOPA) that enable mussel organism to adhere to almost all kinds of materials via covalent and noncovalent bonding.

    “MAPs contain abundant 3,4-dihydroxy-L-phenylalanine (DOPA) that enable mussel organism to adhere to almost all kinds of materials via covalent and noncovalent bonding [19, 20].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [19] source
    • cites [20] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The adhesive mechanism of PDA on the interface of various substrates still remains debating due to the complexities of structural analysis of PDA and its analogous molecules such as eumelanin.

    “However, the adhesive mechanism of PDA on the interface of various substrates still remains debating due to the complexities of structural analysis of PDA and its analogous molecules such as eumelanin [32–35].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [32] source
    • cites [33] source
    • cites [34] source
    • cites [35] source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    To date, the adhesive function of PDA enables it to become a useful biomimetic surface modifier and biomolecule immobilizer.

    “To date, the adhesive function of PDA enables it to become a useful biomimetic surface modifier and biomolecule immobilizer.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Surface modification of bone biosubstitutes can award biosubstitutes multiple functions to better meet the requirements of bone regeneration, such as cell affinity, material biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and biodegradability.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    PDA can act as a modifier on the interface of different bone biosubstrates and improve their interfacial properties that may provide considerable options for tissue constructs.

    “It can act as a modifier on the interface of different bone biosubstrates and improve their interfacial properties that may provide considerable options for tissue constructs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Surface modification of bone biosubstitutes can award biosubstitutes multiple functions to better meet the requirements of bone regeneration, such as cell affinity, material biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and biodegradability.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The adhesive function of polydopamine originates from the study of mussel adhesive proteins (MAPs) secreted by marine mussel (e.g., Mytilus edulis).

    “The adhesive function of polydopamine originates from the study of mussel adhesive proteins (MAPs) secreted by marine mussel (e.g., Mytilus edulis).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Due to the composition similar to some proteins in organism, PDA can also offer some bioprotection functions, such as photoprotection, reactive oxygen species scavenging (ROS), and metal cation sequestering.

    “In addition, due to the composition similar to some proteins in organism, PDA can also offer some bioprotection functions, such as photoprotection, reactive oxygen species scavenging (ROS), and metal cation sequestering [30, 31].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [30] source
    • cites [31] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    As a precursor of PDA, DA has functional groups (catechol and phenethylamine) and adhesive mechanism similar to DOPA, which offers DA the potential as a versatile surface modifier in various biomedical applications.

    “As a precursor of PDA, DA has functional groups (catechol and phenethylamine) and adhesive mechanism similar to DOPA, which offers DA the potential as a versatile surface modifier in various biomedical applications [21–23].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [21] source
    • cites [22] source
    • cites [23] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The "noncovalent bonding" fashion is a controversial assumption that has not been broadly acknowledged while the "covalent bonding" assumption has been partly proved via C-C bonding among the benzene rings of the dihydroxyindoline and indolinedione and open-chain monomer units.

    “The “noncovalent bonding” fashion is a controversial assumption that has not been broadly acknowledged while the “covalent bonding” assumption has been partly proved via C-C bonding among the benzene rings of the dihydroxyindoline and indolinedione and open-chain monomer units [38, 50].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [38] source
    • cites [50] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The analogy of PDA to eumelanin is a useful approach to understand the chemical formation of PDA layer.

    “The analogy of PDA to eumelanin is a useful approach to understand the chemical formation of PDA layer [36].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [36] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dopaminequinone is subjected to intramolecular cyclization (A substep), reversible oxidation to form dopaminechrome, and intramolecular rearrangement to lead to 5,6-dihydroxyindole (B substep).

    “Dopaminequinone is subjected to intramolecular cyclization (A substep), reversible oxidation to form dopaminechrome, and intramolecular rearrangement to lead to 5,6-dihydroxyindole (B substep).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [31] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Premisenone given

    The second step of PDA formation still remains elusive.

    “The second step of PDA formation still remains elusive.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The application of PDA as a superior surface modifier in multifunctional biomaterials is drawing tremendous interests in bone tissue scaffolds to promote the osteointegration for bone regeneration.

    “Nowadays, the application of PDA as a superior surface modifier in multifunctional biomaterials is drawing tremendous interests in bone tissue scaffolds to promote the osteointegration for bone regeneration.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Surface modification of bone biosubstitutes can award biosubstitutes multiple functions to better meet the requirements of bone regeneration, such as cell affinity, material biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and biodegradability.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Eumelanin is naturally formed with the L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOAP) or tyrosine as precursors.

    “Eumelanin is naturally formed with the L-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOAP) or tyrosine as precursors.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [31] source
    • cites [37] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The polydopamine coating layer can offer good surface properties such as high hydrophilicity, long-term corrosion resistance, and moderate physicochemical properties.

    “can offer good surface properties such as high hydrophilicity, long-term corrosion resistance, and moderate physicochemical properties [31, 53, 54].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [31] source
    • cites [53] source
    • cites [54] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    As PDA polymer units, the polymeric synthesis of quinhydrones has been well documented by the oxidative polymerization using biomacromolecules or supramolecules as a template.

    “As PDA polymer units, the polymeric synthesis of quinhydrones has been well documented by the oxidative polymerization using biomacromolecules or supramolecules as a template [48, 49].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [48] source
    • cites [49] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The second model is the "noncovalent bonding (quinhydrones)" polymerization fashion where DA monomers are linked together by noncovalent interaction including hydrogen bonding, charge transfer, ionic interaction, and π-stacking to aggregate into a structural macroassembly.

    “The second model is the “noncovalent bonding (quinhydrones)” polymerization fashion where DA monomers are linked together by noncovalent interaction including hydrogen bonding, charge transfer, ionic interaction, and π-stacking to aggregate into a structural macroassembly [35, 45–47].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [35] source
    • cites [45] source
    • cites [46] 1986, Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals source
    • cites [47] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisereasoning

    Dopamine and DOPA exhibit similar surface-modification function because they have the same functional groups and similar structures.

    “It should be noted that the DA and DOPA exhibit similar surface-modification function due to the same functional groups and similar structures.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisenone given

    Several popular models have clearly addressed the polymerization of DA monomers.

    “Several popular models have clearly addressed the polymerization of DA monomers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    PDA-assisted surface modification can offer the properties needed by an ideal bone biosubstitute scaffold: enabling cell attachment and proliferation, possessing osteodifferentiation ability, and implementing mineralization performance.

    “The ideal scaffold of biosubstitute materials for bone defects aims to enable cell attachment and proliferation, possess osteodifferentiation ability, and implement mineralization performance. PDA-assisted surface modification can offer these properties described in the following section.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A polydopamine-coated substrate of nylon/cellulose/polyethersulfone composite grafted with bovine serum albumin (BSA) can reduce attachment of blood platelets and selectively enable BSA to anchor on the surface, leading to a decrease in unwanted blood clotting.

    “PDA-coated substrate of biosubstitute made of nylon/cellulose/polyethersulfone composite, grafted with bovine serum albumin (BSA), can reduce the attachment of blood platelets and selectively enable BSA to anchor on the surface, which leads to the decrease of unwanted blood clotting [81].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [81] source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The use of PDA-coated technology is a relatively simple and rapid process requiring only a material-immersing preparation.

    “In all the above examples, the use of PDA-coated technology is a relatively simple and rapid process requiring only a material-immersing preparation.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    Two kinds of typical materials used to prepare bone biosubstitutes can achieve significant improvement of surface properties via PDA-assisted surface modification.

    “Two kinds of typical materials that are used to prepare bone biosubstitutes can achieve a significant improvement of surface properties via PDA-assisted surface modification”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Immobilized biomolecules on hydroxyapatite/polydopamine-coated biosubstitute surfaces are uniformly distributed and exhibit a sustainable release profile in a real bone repair environment.

    “these immobilized biomolecules can be uniformly distributed on the surface and exhibit a sustainable release profile once in a real bone repair environment [70].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [70] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    For a polydopamine-coated surface of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) biosubstitute, the polydopamine coating layer enhances the immunogenicity and biocompatibility of the biosubstitute material.

    “For a PDA-coated surface of poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) biosubstitute, the PDA coating layer reduced the blood toxicity of CdSe quantum dots while it enhanced the immunogenicity and the biocompatibility of biosubstitute material [80].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [80] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Polydopamine enhances proliferation and calcium deposition of osteoblast cells.

    “It has been reported that PDA enhances the proliferation and calcium deposition of osteoblast cells and the effect can be further strengthened in the combination of growth factors [71, 72].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [71] source
    • cites [72] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Calcitriol bound to a polydopamine-coated collagen membrane shows strong potential to prohibit osteoclastogenesis and promote osteogenic differentiation, leading to rapid regeneration of new bone and reunion of the bone marrow cavity in rat mandibular bone defects.

    “The osteogenic competency of this membrane composite was examined when it was implanted into rat mandibular bone defects, suggesting that calcitriol bound to PDA-coated membrane showed strong potential in prohibition of osteoclastogenesis while it could promote the osteogenic differentiation leading to a rapid regeneration of new bone and reunion of the bone marrow cavity.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [82] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Polydopamine can be used as a controllable surface modifier to reinforce selective antifouling of biomaterial surfaces or cell affinity of scaffolds.

    “Meanwhile, PDA can be used as controllable surface modifier to reinforce the selective antifouling of biomaterial surface or the cell affinity of scaffold.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    PDA-assisted surface modification to Ti and Ti alloys enhances cell viability, proliferation, differentiation, and material mineralization.

    “In addition, the PDA-assisted surface modification to Ti and Ti alloys can also offer the osteoinductivity and osteoconductivity to bioinert metallic bone biosubstitutes and enhance their bioactivities regarding the viability, proliferation, and differentiation of cell and material mineralization [23, 71, 72, 88].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 4 sources checked
    • cites [23] source
    • cites [71] source
    • cites [72] source
    • cites [88] source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Improved attachment of NIH3T3 fibroblast cells to PDA-coated PDMS further improves cell proliferation.

    “The PDA coating layer on poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) can enhance the cytoaffinity of PDMS based bone cement where NIH3T3 fibroblast cells can attach more readily to the material substrate which further improves the cell proliferation [96].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [96] source
36 of 36

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Surface modification of bone biosubstitutes can award biosubstitutes multiple functions to better meet the requirements of bone regeneration, such as cell affinity, material biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and biodegradability.

    “The surface modification of bone biosubstitutes is an advanced technology that is capable of awarding biosubstitutes multiple functions to better meet the requirements of bone regeneration, such as cell affinity, material biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and biodegradability.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Bone graft, including autograft, allograft, and xenograft, is not ideal for treatment of bone defects.

    “Although bone graft is commonly used in clinical treatment (such as autograft, allograft, and xenograft) it is still not ideal for treatment of bone defects.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Nanohydroxyapatite (nano-HAp) and collagen are two major components of natural bone.

    “It is known that nanohydroxyapatite (nano-HAp) and collagen are two major components of natural bone.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The surface of a bone biosubstitute is important to combine stable functional factors and provide satisfactory cell behavior (attachment, proliferation, migration/spreading, and differentiation) to facilitate bone tissue regeneration.

    “In order to construct a multifunctional bone biosubstitute, the surface of the biosubstitute is important to combine stable functional factors and provide satisfactory cell behavior containing cell attachment, proliferation, migration/spreading, and differentiation to facilitate the bone tissue regeneration.”
4 of 4

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Self-check results appear here once an independent check has confirmed them.

Cited works that were retracted

Works this paper cites that were later retracted, from the retraction notices publishers deposit. Major when the notice came out before this paper was published.

  • Cites a retracted work: 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61598-6

    Info

    The cited work was retracted on 2023-10-26 (notice 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02341-3), not before this paper was published (2016).

    Cited work 10.1016/s0140-6736(08)61598-6 · retracted 2023-10-26 · notice 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)02341-3 · this paper published 2016

1 of 1

Cites

1 retracted

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 2

  1. 2003, Nephrology Nursing Journal, 30, 17
  2. 10.1021/jp901188h · DOI · Paper page

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Huang, S., Liang, N., Hu, Y., Zhou, X., & Abidi, N.
Affiliations
  • Sichuan University (CN)
  • Chinese Academy of Sciences (CN)
  • Texas Tech University (US)
Corresponding author
Hu, Yang
ORCID
Venue
BioMed Research International
Publisher
Wiley
Published
2016
Volume
2016
Pages
1-9
ISSN
  • 1110-7243 (ISSN-L)
  • 2314-6133
  • 2314-6141
DOI
10.1155/2016/2389895
PMC
PMC4993928
OpenAlex
W2513131639
Semantic Scholar
1f93cd50357e51420e086c7fbb80dd3cf5311b50
Cited by
97
References
100
Citations by year
2026: 4 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 8 · 2016: 1
FWCI
4.26
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • BioMed Research International (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Funders
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (31370978, 31570967, 81472078, JCYJ20140610152828698, ZDSY20130401165820356)
  • Shenzhen Science and Technology Program (31370978, 31570967, 81472078, JCYJ20140610152828698, ZDSY20130401165820356)
  • Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Marine Biomedical Materials (31370978, 31570967, 81472078, JCYJ20140610152828698, ZDSY20130401165820356)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Biomedical Engineering › Bone Tissue Engineering Materials
  • Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Surfaces, Coatings and Films › Polymer Surface Interaction Studies
  • Physical Sciences › Engineering › Mechanical Engineering › Surface Treatment and Coatings
Keywords
polydopamine, biomimetic surface modification, bone tissue engineering, coating formation mechanism, biocompatibility, bone scaffolds, osseointegration, bone regeneration, biomaterials
MeSH terms
Animals, Biocompatible Materials, Bone Regeneration, Humans, Indoles, Osteogenesis, Polymers, Surface Properties, Bone Substitutes, Coated Materials, Biocompatible, Tissue Engineering, Biomimetics, Mice

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-16.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-16.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review