The DOI matches its Crossref record; 51 of the 51 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Text Classification from Labeled and Unlabeled Documents using EM
Open accessOverview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
One method utilized the K-means clustering algorithm to distinguish various profiles of host behaviour.
“One method Utilized the K-means clustering algorithm to distinguish various profiles of host behaviour [176].”
From Comparative Analysis of Intrusion Detection Systems and Machine Learning Based Model Analysis through Decision Tree (2023) · cites this paper as [176]
HMMs can be utilized to categorize specific types of malware.
“HMMs can be utilized to categorize specific types of malware [176].”
From Comparative Analysis of Intrusion Detection Systems and Machine Learning Based Model Analysis through Decision Tree (2023) · cites this paper as [176]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Maximum Likelihood from Incomplete Data Via the EM Algorithm
Dempster, A. P., Laird, N. M., & Rubin, D. B. (1977) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series B: Statistical Methodology · doi:10.1111/j.2517-6161.1977.tb01600.x · Cited by 50,444
Elements of Information Theory
Cover, T. M., & Thomas, J. A. (2001) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/0471200611 · Cited by 37,139
Text categorization with Support Vector Machines: Learning with many relevant features
Joachims, T. (1998) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/bfb0026683 · Cited by 8,258
Combining labeled and unlabeled data with co-training
Blum, A. L., & Mitchell, T. M. (1998) · Conference on Learning Theory · doi:10.1145/279943.279962 · Cited by 5,597
Self-citationThe EM Algorithm and Extensions
Kushary, D., McLachlan, G. J., & Krishnan, T. (1998) · Technometrics · doi:10.2307/1271189 · Cited by 5,419
A Comparative Study on Feature Selection in Text Categorization
Yang, Y., & Pedersen, J. (1997) · Cited by 4,749
Data mining and knowledge discovery: making sense out of data
Feyyad, U. M. (1996) · IEEE Expert · doi:10.1109/64.539013 · Cited by 4,644
Maximum likelihood estimation from incomplete data via the EM algorithm
Dempster, A. P. (1977) · Journal of the Royal Statistical Society Series A (Statistics in Society) · Cited by 4,543
Approximate Statistical Tests for Comparing Supervised Classification Learning Algorithms
Dietterich, T. G. (1998) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/089976698300017197 · Cited by 3,840
A comparison of event models for naive bayes text classification
McCallum, A., & Nigam, K. (1998) · Cited by 3,289
Self-citationOn the Optimality of the Simple Bayesian Classifier under Zero-One Loss
Domingos, P., & Pazzani, M. J. (1997) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1023/a:1007413511361 · Cited by 3,175
Relevance feedback in information retrieval
Rocchio, J. J. (1971) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,680
Jordan, M. I. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5014-9 · Cited by 2,449
The SMART Retrieval System—Experiments in Automatic Document Processing
Salton, G. (1971) · CERN Document Server (European Organization for Nuclear Research) · Cited by 2,252
Naive (Bayes) at forty: The independence assumption in information retrieval
Lewis, D. D. (1998) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/bfb0026666 · Cited by 2,140
NewsWeeder: Learning to Filter Netnews
Lang, K. (1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-55860-377-6.50048-7 · Cited by 2,119
Relevance weighting of search terms
Robertson, S. E., & Jones, K. S. (1976) · Journal of the American Society for Information Science · doi:10.1002/asi.4630270302 · Cited by 2,094
An Evaluation of Statistical Approaches to Text Categorization
Yang, Y. (1999) · Information Retrieval · doi:10.1023/a:1009982220290 · Cited by 1,945
A sequential algorithm for training text classifiersPreprint
Lewis, D., & Gale, W. A. (1994) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.5555/188490.188495 · Cited by 1,838
A Universal Prior for Integers and Estimation by Minimum Description Length
Rissanen, J. (1983) · The Annals of Statistics · doi:10.1214/aos/1176346150 · Cited by 1,655
Elements of Information Theory
Phoenix, S. J. D. (1992) · Journal of Modern Optics · doi:10.1080/09500349214551641 · Cited by 1,411
A Probabilistic Analysis of the Rocchio Algorithm with TFIDF for Text Categorization
Joachims, T. (1997) · Cited by 1,256
A Sequential Algorithm for Training Text Classifiers
Lewis, D. D., & Gale, W. A. (1994) · SIGIR ’94 · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2099-5_1 · Cited by 1,208
On Bias, Variance, 0/1—Loss, and the Curse-of-Dimensionality
Friedman, J. H. (1997) · Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery · doi:10.1023/a:1009778005914 · Cited by 1,055
Bayesian classification (AutoClass): theory and results
Cheeseman, P. C., & Stutz, J. (1996) · Cited by 975
Hierarchically Classifying Documents Using Very Few Words
Koller, D., & Sahami, M. (1997) · Cited by 837
Employing EM and Pool-Based Active Learning for Text Classification
McCallum, A., & Nigam, K. (1998) · Cited by 689
Self-citationLearning to extract symbolic knowledge from the World Wide Web
Craven, M. W., DiPasquo, D., Freitag, D., McCallum, A., Mitchell, T. M., Nigam, K., & Slattery, S. (1998) · Cited by 677
Self-citationDevelopments in Automatic Text Retrieval
Salton, G. (1991) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.253.5023.974 · Cited by 623
Syskill & webert: Identifying interesting web sites
Pazzani, M. J., Muramatsu, J., & Billsus, D. (1996) · Cited by 593
Shahshahani, B. M., & Landgrebe, D. A. (1994) · IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing · doi:10.1109/36.312897 · Cited by 577
Supervised learning from incomplete data via an EM approach
Zoubin Ghahramani, A., & Jordan, M. I. (1993) · Cited by 552
An evaluation of phrasal and clustered representations on a text categorization task
Lewis, D. D. (1992) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/133160.133172 · Cited by 544
Committee-Based Sampling For Training Probabilistic Classifiers
Dagan, I., & Engelson, S. P. (1995) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-1-55860-377-6.50027-x · Cited by 533
Improving Text Classification by Shrinkage in a Hierarchy of Classes
McCallum, A., Rosenfeld, R., Mitchell, T., & Ng, A. Y. (2022) · doi:10.1184/r1/21708647 · Cited by 471
Self-citationThe EM algorithm and extensions
McLachlan, G. J. 1., & Krishnan, T. 1. (1997) · Cited by 452
A sequential algorithm for training text classifiers
Lewis, D. D. (1995) · ACM SIGIR Forum · doi:10.1145/219587.219592 · Cited by 423
Combining classifiers in text categorization
Larkey, L. S., & Croft, W. B. (1996) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/243199.243276 · Cited by 416
A Mixture of Experts Classifier with Learning Based on Both Labelled and Unlabelled Data
Miller, D. J., & Uyar, H. S. (1996) · neural information processing systems · Cited by 283
Context-sensitive learning methods for text categorization
Cohen, W. W., & Singer, Y. (1996) · International ACM SIGIR Conference on Research and Development in Information Retrieval (SIGIR) · doi:10.1145/243199.243278 · Cited by 249
On the exponential value of labeled samples
Castelli, V., & Cover, T. M. (1995) · Pattern Recognition Letters · doi:10.1016/0167-8655(94)00074-d · Cited by 202
Yang, Y. (1994) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4471-2099-5_2 · Cited by 189
Preventing Overfitting of Cross-Validation Data
Ng, A. Y. (1997) · International Conference on Machine Learning · Cited by 165
Threading electronic mail: A preliminary study
Lewis, D. D., & Knowles, K. A. (1997) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/s0306-4573(96)00063-5 · Cited by 153
Active Learning with Committees for Text Categorization
Liere, R., & Tadepalli, P. V. (1997) · Cited by 143
Best-first Model Merging for Hidden Markov Model InductionPreprint
Stolcke, A., & Omohundro, S. M. (1994) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.cmp-lg/9405017 · Cited by 111
Improving the Mean Field Approximation Via the Use of Mixture Distributions
Jaakkola, T., & Jordan, M. I. (1998) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-011-5014-9_6 · Cited by 100
A New Metric-Based Approach to Model Selection
Schuurmans, D. (1997) · Cited by 45
Document classification using a finite mixture model
Li, H., & Yamanishi, K. (1997) · Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL) · doi:10.3115/976909.979623 · Cited by 31
Intelligent Agents for Web-based Tasks: An Advice-Taking Approach
SHAVLIK, J. W., & Eliassi‐Rad, T. (1998) · Cited by 23
Document classification using a finite mixture model
Li, H., & Yamanishi, K. (1997) · Conference of the European Chapter of the Association for Computational Linguistics · doi:10.3115/979617.979623 · Cited by 10
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Lewis, D.D. & Ringuette, M. (1994). A comparison of two learning algorithms for text categorization. Third Annual Symposium on Document Analysis and Information Retrieval (pp. 81–93).
- McCallum, A.K. & Nigam, K. (1998). EmployingEMin pool-based active learning for text classification. Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Conference (ICML '98) (pp. 350–358).
- McLachlan, G. & Basford, K. (1988). Mixture models. New York: Marcel Dekker.
- Mitchell, T.M. (1997). Machine learning. New York: McGraw-Hill.
- Sahami, M., Dumais, S., Heckerman, D., & Horvitz, E. (1998). A Baysian approach to filtering junk e-mail. AAAI-98 Workshop on Learning for Text Categorization. Tech. Rep. WS–98–05, AAAI Press. http://robotics.stanford.edu/users/sahami/papers.html.
- Yang, Y. & Pederson, J.O. (1997). Feature selection in statistical learning of text categorization. Machine Learning: Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference (ICML '97) (pp. 412–420).
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Pan, S. J., & Yang, Q. (2010) · IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering · doi:10.1109/tkde.2009.191 · Cited by 23,387
Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data.
Yarkoni, T., Poldrack, R. A., Nichols, T. E., Van Essen, D. C., & Wager, T. D. (2011) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.1635 · Cited by 3,686
“This regularization prevents rare activations or terms from degrading accurac”
A survey on semi-supervised learning
van Engelen, J. E., & Hoos, H. H. (2020) · Machine Learning · doi:10.1007/s10994-019-05855-6 · Cited by 2,666
A brief introduction to weakly supervised learning
Zhou, Z.-H. (2018) · National Science Review · doi:10.1093/nsr/nwx106 · Cited by 1,899
topicmodels : An R Package for Fitting Topic Models
Grün, B., & Hornik, K. (2011) · Journal of Statistical Software · doi:10.18637/jss.v040.i13 · Cited by 1,072
Adjusting the Outputs of a Classifier to New a Priori Probabilities: A Simple Procedure
Saerens, M., Latinne, P., & Decaestecker, C. (2002) · Neural Computation · doi:10.1162/089976602753284446 · Cited by 361
Azam, Z., Islam, M. M., & Huda, M. N. (2023) · IEEE Access · doi:10.1109/access.2023.3296444 · Cited by 265
Fuzzy bag-of-words model for document representation
Zhao, R., & Mao, K. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Fuzzy Systems · doi:10.1109/tfuzz.2017.2690222 · Cited by 252
Applications of text mining within systematic reviews
Thomas, J., McNaught, J., & Ananiadou, S. (2011) · Research Synthesis Methods · doi:10.1002/jrsm.27 · Cited by 212
Cohen, I., Sebe, N., Gozman, F. G., Cirelo, M. C., & Huang, T. S. (2003) · 2003 IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2003. Proceedings. · doi:10.1109/cvpr.2003.1211408 · Cited by 155
Clinical text classification research trends: Systematic literature review and open issues
Mujtaba, G., Shuib, L., Idris, N., Hoo, W. L., Raj, R. G., Khowaja, K., Shaikh, K., & Nweke, H. F. (2019) · Expert Systems with Applications · doi:10.1016/j.eswa.2018.09.034 · Cited by 123
He, Q., Veldkamp, B. P., Glas, C. A. W., & de Vries, T. (2017) · Assessment · doi:10.1177/1073191115602551 · Cited by 74
Tong, Z., Li, W., Zhang, B., & Zhang, M. (2018) · Shock and Vibration · doi:10.1155/2018/6714520 · Cited by 64
Open tracing tools: Overview and critical comparison
Janes, A., Li, X., & Lenarduzzi, V. (2023) · Journal of Systems and Software · doi:10.1016/j.jss.2023.111793 · Cited by 28
On the Detection of Shilling Attacks in Federated Collaborative Filtering
Jiang, Y., Zhou, Y., Wu, D., Li, C., & Wang, Y. (2020) · 2020 International Symposium on Reliable Distributed Systems (SRDS) · doi:10.1109/srds51746.2020.00026 · Cited by 22
Bias-variance tradeoff in hybrid generative-discriminative models
Bouchard, G. (2007) · Sixth International Conference on Machine Learning and Applications (ICMLA 2007) · doi:10.1109/icmla.2007.85 · Cited by 16
Metadata
- Authors
- Nigam, K., Mccallum, A. K., Thrun, S., & Mitchell, T.
- Affiliations
- Carnegie Mellon University (US)
- ORCID
- Mitchell, Tom
- Venue
- Machine Learning
- Published
- 2000-05
- Volume
- 39
- Issue
- 2-3
- Pages
- 103-134
- ISSN
- 0885-6125 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-0565
- OpenAlex
- W2097089247
- Cited by
- 2,736
- References
- 51
- Citations by year
- 2026: 14 · 2025: 35 · 2024: 49 · 2023: 55 · 2022: 76 · 2021: 91 · 2020: 117 · 2019: 139 · 2018: 125 · 2017: 109 · 2016: 119 · 2015: 122 · 2014: 121 · 2013: 133 · 2012: 142
- FWCI
- 86.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Machine Learning (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Text and Document Classification Technologies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Machine Learning and Algorithms
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Topic Modeling
- Keywords
- text classification, semi-supervised learning, unlabeled documents, expectation-maximization algorithm, Naive Bayes classifier, label propagation, mixture components, data weighting, limited labeled data
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review