CoChat
Sign Up
Cited by 3,686Functional Brain Connectivity StudiesBiomedical Text Mining and OntologiesComputational and Text Analysis Methods

Large-scale automated synthesis of human functional neuroimaging data.

Open access
Yarkoni, Tal, Poldrack, Russell A, Nichols, Thomas E, Van Essen, David C, Wager, Tor D·2011·Nature Methods
DOI 10.1038/nmeth.1635PMC PMC3146590
Open this paper in CoChat — free account

Abstract

The rapid growth of the literature on neuroimaging in humans has led to major advances in our understanding of human brain function but has also made it increasingly difficult to aggregate and synthesize neuroimaging findings. Here we describe and validate an automated brain-mapping framework that uses text-mining, meta-analysis and machine-learning techniques to generate a large database of mappings between neural and cognitive states. We show that our approach can be used to automatically conduct large-scale, high-quality neuroimaging meta-analyses, address long-standing inferential problems in the neuroimaging literature and support accurate 'decoding' of broad cognitive states from brain activity in both entire studies and individual human subjects. Collectively, our results have validated a powerful and generative framework for synthesizing human neuroimaging data on an unprecedented scale.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1038/nmeth.1635

Cites

45 of 45 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

19 of 35 cited sources checked · 13 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Previous neuroimaging synthesis approaches relied heavily on researchers' manual efforts.

    “previous approaches have relied heavily on researchers’ manual efforts (e.g., 7,8)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] Van Essen, D.C. Lost in localization—but found with foci?! Neuroimage 48, 14–17 (2009). source
    • cites [8] Laird, A.R. et al. ALE meta-analysis workflows via the BrainMap database: progress towards a probabilistic functional brain atlas. Front Neuroinformatics 3, 23 (2009). source
  • Findingown data

    NeuroSynth replicated previous findings of visual category-specific activation in the fusiform face area and visual word form area.

    “we used NeuroSynth to replicate previous findings of visual category-specific activation in regions such as the fusiform face area (FFA12) and visual word form area (VWFA13”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [12] Kanwisher, N., McDermott, J. & Chun, M.M. The fusiform face area: a module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. J. Neurosci. 17, 4302–4311 (1997). source
    • cites [13] McCandliss, B.D., Cohen, L. & Dehaene, S. The visual word form area: expertise for reading in the fusiform gyrus. Trends Cogn. Sci. 7, 293–299 (2003). source
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Simple word counts are a reasonable proxy for the substantive content of articles.
  • Findingown data

    Automated meta-analyses of working memory, emotion, and pain converge markedly with previously published meta- or mega-analytic maps, both qualitatively and quantitatively.

    “Comparison of automated meta-analyses of three broad psychological terms (‘working memory’, ‘emotion’, and ‘pain’) with previously published meta- or mega-analytic maps14-16 revealed a marked convergence between approaches both qualitatively (Fig. 2) and quantitatively (Supplementary Fig. 5).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [14] Atlas, L.Y., Bolger, N., Lindquist, M.A. & Wager, T.D. Brain mediators of predictive cue effects on perceived pain. J. Neurosci. 30, 12964–12977 (2010). source
    • cites [15] Wager, T.D., Lindquist, M.A., Nichols, T.E., Kober, H. & Van Snellenberg, J.X. Evaluating the consistency and specificity of neuroimaging data using meta-analysis. Neuroimage 45, 210–221 (2009). source
    • cites [16] Kober, H. et al. Functional grouping and cortical-subcortical interactions in emotion: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. Neuroimage 42, 998–1031 (2008). source
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Simple word counts are a reasonable proxy for the substantive content of articles.
  • Interpretationreasoning

    Distilling the extant literature necessitates new techniques for large-scale aggregation and synthesis of human neuroimaging data.

    “Distilling the extant literature thus necessitates development of new techniques for large-scale aggregation and synthesis of human neuroimaging data4-6.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [4] Yarkoni, T., Poldrack, R.A., Van Essen, D.C. & Wager, T.D. Cognitive neuroscience 2.0: building a cumulative science of human brain function. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14, 489–496 (2010). source
    • cites [5] Van Horn, J.D., Grafton, S.T., Rockmore, D. & Gazzaniga, M.S. Sharing neuroimaging studies of human cognition. Nat. Neurosci. 7, 473–481 (2004). source
    • cites [6] Fox, P.T., Parsons, L.M. & Lancaster, J.L. Beyond the single study: function/location metanalysis in cognitive neuroimaging. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 8, 178–187 (1998). source
  • Findingown data

    Automatically extracted coordinates compared with manually entered SumsDB foci had sensitivity of 84% and specificity of 97%.

    “we compared automatically extracted coordinates with a reference set of manually-entered foci in the SumsDB database7,9, revealing high rates of sensitivity (84%) and specificity (97%).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [7] Van Essen, D.C. Lost in localization—but found with foci?! Neuroimage 48, 14–17 (2009). source
    • cites [9] Dickson, J., Drury, H.A. & Van Essen, D.C. “The surface management system” (SuMS) database: a surface-based database to aid cortical surface reconstruction, visualization and analysis. Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B 356, 1277–1292 (2001). source
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 12
  • May combine two claims. 12
  • Not yet classified. 1

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    True reverse inference requires knowledge of which brain regions and networks are selectively, and not just consistently, associated with particular cognitive states.

    “True reverse inference requires knowledge of which brain regions and networks are selectively, and not just consistently, associated with particular cognitive states15,17.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [15] Wager, T.D., Lindquist, M.A., Nichols, T.E., Kober, H. & Van Snellenberg, J.X. Evaluating the consistency and specificity of neuroimaging data using meta-analysis. Neuroimage 45, 210–221 (2009). source
    • cites [17] Poldrack, R.A. Can cognitive processes be inferred from neuroimaging data? Trends Cogn. Sci. 10, 59–63 (2006). source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Working memory, emotion, and pain are excellent candidates for quantitative reverse inference.

    “These domains are excellent candidates for quantitative reverse inference, as they are thought to have somewhat confusable neural correlates, with common activation of regions such as dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)19 and anterior insula.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Shackman, A.J. et al. The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 154–167 (2011). source

      The ‘Functional imaging evidence of overlap in aMCC’ section reports overlapping dorsal cingulate activation for negative affect, pain, and cognitive control, supporting the rationale for comparing their neural correlates. Its cognitive-control analysis used tasks such as Stroop and Go/No-Go, not working-memory tasks, so the source does not establish the claimed overlap for working memory specifically. The judgment that these are ‘excellent candidates’ for reverse inference is the citing authors’ framing, not a finding attributed to this source. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • Rests on an assumption: Working memory, emotion, and pain are of substantial basic and clinical interest and have been extensively studied using fMRI.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Working memory, emotion, and pain are thought to have somewhat confusable neural correlates, with common activation of regions such as dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and anterior insula.

    “These domains are excellent candidates for quantitative reverse inference, as they are thought to have somewhat confusable neural correlates, with common activation of regions such as dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (ACC)19 and anterior insula.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [19] Shackman, A.J. et al. The integration of negative affect, pain and cognitive control in the cingulate cortex. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 12, 154–167 (2011). source

      The Functional imaging evidence of overlap in aMCC section reports common anterior midcingulate activation for negative affect, pain, and cognitive control, supporting the cited point about overlapping dorsal cingulate correlates. Its cognitive-control tasks are Stroop, Go/No-Go, and Flanker tasks; it does not establish the same overlap specifically for working memory. The citation is attached to dorsal ACC, not anterior insula. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Individual neuroimaging studies are often underpowered and exhibit relatively high false positive rates.

    “individual neuroimaging studies are often underpowered and exhibit relatively high false positive rate2-4”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [2] Yarkoni, T. Big correlations in little studies: inflated fMRI correlations reflect low statistical power—commentary on Vul et al. (2009). Perspect. Psychol. Sci. 4, 294–298 (2009). source
    • cites [3] Wager, T.D., Lindquist, M. & Kaplan, L. Meta-analysis of functional neuroimaging data: current and future directions. Soc. Cogn. Affect. Neurosci. 2, 150–158 (2007). source

      The Introduction says small samples create pressure to maintain statistical power and that inadequately corrected thresholds are the rule; it estimates that about 17% of reported peaks in its sample are false positives. This supports the false-positive claim, but it does not establish that individual studies are often underpowered. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [4] Yarkoni, T., Poldrack, R.A., Van Essen, D.C. & Wager, T.D. Cognitive neuroscience 2.0: building a cumulative science of human brain function. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14, 489–496 (2010). source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Fear consistently activates the human amygdala.

    “fear consistently activates the human amygdala”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Yarkoni, T., Poldrack, R.A., Van Essen, D.C. & Wager, T.D. Cognitive neuroscience 2.0: building a cumulative science of human brain function. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14, 489–496 (2010). source

      In ‘Most neuroimaging studies are underpowered’ (page unavailable), the paper discusses amygdala activation for fear, but says meta-analytic evidence finds it at least as activated for disgust. That supports an association with fear, not the stronger claim that fear consistently activates the amygdala. The paper’s rejection of fear specificity does not itself contradict the claim. (LLM, conf=0.77)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [18] Zald, D.H. The human amygdala and the emotional evaluation of sensory stimuli. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 41, 88–123 (2003). source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Amygdala activation does not imply that a person is experiencing fear, because other affective and non-affective states have also been reported to produce amygdala activation.

    “this does not imply that people who show amygdala activation must be experiencing fear, because other affective and non-affective states have also been reported to produce amygdala activation4,18.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Yarkoni, T., Poldrack, R.A., Van Essen, D.C. & Wager, T.D. Cognitive neuroscience 2.0: building a cumulative science of human brain function. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14, 489–496 (2010). source

      In 'Selective association is difficult to establish' (page unavailable), the paper rejects the idea that increased amygdala activity is a specific marker of fear. In 'Most neuroimaging studies are underpowered' (page unavailable), it reports that disgust activates the amygdala at least as much as fear. These passages support the inference about fear and another affective state, but do not report amygdala activation in non-affective states. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites [18] Zald, D.H. The human amygdala and the emotional evaluation of sensory stimuli. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 41, 88–123 (2003). source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    In pain and emotion, frontal regions broadly implicated in goal-directed cognition showed consistent activation in the forward analysis but were relatively non-selective in the reverse analysis.

    “In both domains, frontal regions broadly implicated in goal-directed cognition21-23 showed consistent activation in the forward analysis, but were relatively non-selective in the reverse analysis (Fig. 2).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [21] Dosenbach, N.U. et al. A core system for the implementation of task sets. Neuron 50, 799–812 (2006). source
    • cites [22] Duncan, J. The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behaviour. Trends Cogn. Sci. 14, 172–179 (2010). source
    • cites [23] Yarkoni, T., Barch, D.M., Gray, J.R., Conturo, T.E. & Braver, T.S. BOLD correlates of trial-by-trial reaction time variability in gray and white matter: a multi-study fMRI analysis. PLoS ONE 4, e4257 (2009). source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The shift in pain-related activation from anterior to posterior insula/ACC is consistent with nonhuman primate studies implicating dorsal posterior insula as a primary integration center for nociceptive afferents and human studies demonstrating that anterior aspects of the so-called 'pain matrix' respond non-selectively to multiple modalities.

    “This is consistent with nonhuman primate studies implicating dorsal posterior insula as a primary integration center for nociceptive afferents24 as well as human studies demonstrating that anterior aspects of the so-called ‘pain matrix’ respond non-selectively to multiple modalities25.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [24] Craig, A.D. How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nat. Rev. Neurosci. 3, 655–666 (2002). source
    • cites [25] Legrain, V., Iannetti, G.D., Plaghki, L. & Mouraux, A. The pain matrix reloaded: a salience detection system for the body. Prog. Neurobiol. 93, 111–124 (2011). source

  • Not yet classified.

    Finding

    Activation decreases constitute a small proportion of results reported in the neuroimaging literature.

    “decreases constitute a small proportion of results”
    Quote in the paperNot yet classified

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Findingnone given

    The NeuroSynth database contains a broad set of term-to-activation mappings.

    “Because the NeuroSynth database contains a broad set of term-to-activation mappings, our framework is well suited for drawing quantitative inferences about mind-brain relationships in both the forward and reverse directions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The seeming paradox reflected that lateral and medial frontal regions were consistently activated in studies of emotion and pain, but were activated even more frequently in studies that did not involve emotion or pain.

    “This seeming paradox reflected the fact that even though lateral and medial frontal regions were consistently activated in studies of emotion and pain, they were activated even more frequently in studies that did not involve emotion or pain (Supplementary Fig. 8).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The classifier performed substantially above chance, identifying the originating study type with sensitivities of 94%, 70%, and 65%, respectively (chance = 33%), and specificities of 80%, 86%, and 98%.

    “The classifier performed substantially above chance, identifying the originating study type with sensitivities of 94%, 70%, and 65%, respectively (chance = 33%), and specificities of 80%, 86%, and 98% (Fig. 4a).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The classifier performed substantially above chance in two-alternative classification (mean pairwise accuracy of 72%) and relatively open-ended multi-class classification on up to ten simultaneous terms.

    “The classifier performed substantially above chance in both two-alternative classification (mean pairwise accuracy of 72%; Fig. 4) and relatively open-ended multi-class classification on up to ten simultaneous terms (Supplementary Fig. 9).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The NeuroSynth framework is fully automated, enabling rapid and scalable synthesis of the neuroimaging literature.

    “the present framework is fully automated, enabling rapid and scalable synthesis of the neuroimaging literature.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The automated extraction software did not discriminate activations from deactivations.

    “the software did not discriminate activations from deactivations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In 2010, more than 1,000 fMRI articles were published.

    “In 2010 alone, over 1,000 fMRI articles were published1.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [1] Derrfuss, J. & Mar, R.A. Lost in localization: the need for a universal coordinate database. Neuroimage 48, 1–7 (2009). source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    NeuroSynth supports accurate decoding of broad cognitive states from brain activity in both entire studies and individual human subjects.

    “support accurate ‘decoding’ of broad cognitive states from brain activity in both entire studies and individual human subjects.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Simple word counts are a reasonable proxy for the substantive content of articles.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The NeuroSynth framework introduced here addresses the problem of comprehensive synthesis of the literature in several ways.

    “The NeuroSynth framework introduced here addresses this problem in several ways.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationnone given

    The platform introduced is designed to support immediate use in a broad range of neuroimaging applications.

    “Third, the platform we introduce is designed to support immediate use in a broad range of neuroimaging applications.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The present reliance on a purely lexical coding approach is suboptimal because it relies on traditional psychological terms that may fail to carve the underlying neural substrates at their natural joints.

    “the present reliance on a purely lexical coding approach, while effective, is suboptimal in that it relies on traditional psychological terms that may fail to carve the underlying neural substrates at their natural joints”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The lexical coding approach fails to capitalize on redundancy across terms, modeling closely overlapping terms such as 'pain', 'nociception', and 'noxious' separately.

    “fails to capitalize on redundancy across terms (e.g., ‘pain’, ‘nociception’, and ‘noxious’ overlap closely but are modeled separately)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Because the ACC is activated consistently in all of these states, its activation may not be diagnostic of any one of them and might even predict their absence.

    “Instead, because the ACC is activated consistently in all of these states, its activation may not be diagnostic of any one of them—and conversely, might even predict their absence.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The discomfort due to noxious heat in incorrectly classified subjects may have been qualitatively different (e.g., emotionally-generated vs. physically-generated pain).

    “For example, incorrectly classified subjects in physical pain tasks (e.g., Fig. 4c) systematically activated lateral orbitofrontal cortex and dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, but not SII/posterior insula, suggesting that the discomfort due to noxious heat in these subjects may have been qualitatively different (e.g., emotionally-generated vs. physically-generated pain).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Interpretationreasoning

    The lexical coding approach does not allow closely related constructs, such as physical versus emotional pain, to be easily distinguished.

    “does not allow closely related constructs to be easily distinguished (e.g., physical vs. emotional pain)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
24 of 24

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Simple word counts are a reasonable proxy for the substantive content of articles.

    “which rests on the assumption that simple word counts are a reasonable proxy for the substantive content of articles”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Working memory, emotion, and pain are of substantial basic and clinical interest and have been extensively studied using fMRI.

    “For illustration purposes, we focused on the sample domains of working memory, emotion, and pain, which are of substantial basic and clinical interest and have been extensively studied using fMRI (for additional examples, see Supplementary Fig. 7).”
2 of 2

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • The aMCC is among the most frequently reported areas of activation in functional MRI research, with activations in pain, emotion, reward, conflict monitoring, error detection, memory, and social cognition.

    “Indeed, meta-analyses indicate that it is among the most frequently reported areas of activation in functional MRI research (Clark-Polner et al., 2016; Nelson et al., 2010; Yarkoni et al., 2011), with reported activations in processes including pain, emotion, reward, conflict monitoring, error detection, memory, and social cognition (Beckmann et al., 2009; Wager et al., 2016).”

    From Motivation in the Service of Allostasis: The Role of Anterior Mid-Cingulate Cortex (2019) · cites this paper as Yarkoni et al., 2011

    In Results > Quantitative reverse inference (page unavailable), the paper describes a high base rate of ACC activity across studies, supporting the general point that cingulate activation is frequently reported. It does not establish that the aMCC specifically is among the most frequently reported areas. The list of processes is attached to different citations in the citing sentence, so it is not assessed against Yarkoni et al. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • NeuroSynth meta-analyses showed the medial temporal subsystem corresponded most strongly with past and future autobiographical thought, episodic memory, and contextual retrieval.

    “The medial temporal subsystem corresponded most strongly with meta-analytic maps pertaining to past and future autobiographical thought (i.e., autobiographical, past, future), episodic memory (i.e., episodic, memories, remember, recollection, recall) and contextual retrieval (i.e., contextual, retrieval) (Fig. 4).”

    From The default network and self-generated thought: component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance (2014) · cites this paper as [65]

  • NeuroSynth meta-analyses showed the dorsal medial subsystem corresponded most strongly with mentalizing and social cognition, as well as story comprehension and semantic or conceptual processing.

    “Out of 526 meta-analyses in the NeuroSynth database, the dorsal medial subsystem corresponded most strongly with meta-analytic maps pertaining to mentalizing and social cognition (i.e., mentalizing, social, person, theory of mind, mental, scenarios), as well as story comprehension and semantic/conceptual processing (i.e., comprehension, semantic, sentence, story, meaning, knowledge, language, word”

    From The default network and self-generated thought: component processes, dynamic control, and clinical relevance (2014) · cites this paper as [65]

  • Neurosynth analysis of the terms shifting, updating, and inhibition shows highly overlapping activation maps in lateral frontoparietal and midcingulo-insular regions.

    “Entering the terms describing the latent variables comprising executive function into Neurosynth reveals that the brain maps associated with these interrelated cognitive constructs are highly overlapping7 (Fig. 1a).”

    From Cognitive and behavioural flexibility: Neural mechanisms and clinical considerations (2021) · cites this paper as [29]

  • A recent database of nearly 4,400 studies, Neurosynth, permits the construction of meta-analytic maps of consistent activations across studies based on terms frequently used in articles.

    “A recent database of nearly 4,400 studies, called Neurosynth (www.neurosynth.org; [21]), permits the construction of meta-analytic maps of consistent activations across studies based on terms frequently used in articles.”

    From Ventromedial prefrontal–subcortical systems and the generation of affective meaning (2012) · cites this paper as [21]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Yarkoni, T., Poldrack, R. A., Nichols, T. E., Van Essen, D. C., & Wager, T. D.
Affiliations
  • University of Colorado Boulder (US)
  • The University of Texas at Austin (US)
  • University of Warwick (GB)
Corresponding author
Yarkoni, Tal
ORCID
Venue
Nature Methods
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2011-06-26
Volume
8
Issue
8
Pages
665-670
ISSN
  • 1548-7091 (ISSN-L)
  • 1548-7105
DOI
10.1038/nmeth.1635
PMC
PMC3146590
OpenAlex
W2124757386
Cited by
3,686
References
45
Citations by year
2026: 238 · 2025: 371 · 2024: 355 · 2023: 286 · 2022: 362 · 2021: 364 · 2020: 322 · 2019: 280 · 2018: 303 · 2017: 212 · 2016: 191 · 2015: 147 · 2014: 98 · 2013: 80 · 2012: 60
FWCI
40.39
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations
  • Nature Methods (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders
  • National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH060974, R01MH082795, R01MH076136)
  • National Institute on Drug Abuse (RC1DA028608, R01DA027794)
  • National Institute of Nursing Research (F32NR012081)
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Biomedical Text Mining and Ontologies
  • Social Sciences › General Social Sciences › Computational and Text Analysis Methods
Keywords
text mining, cognitive state decoding, machine learning, web interface
MeSH terms
Brain, Brain Mapping, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Natural Language Processing, Periodicals as Topic, Software, Internet, Data Mining

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-18.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-18.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review