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Skin Color and Intelligence in African Americans
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Skin color was related to cognitive ability in models not including ancestry, as found in previous studies.
“However, it was related to cognitive ability in models not including ancestry, as found in previous studies [17,[94][95][96] (for a review of older studies, see [1]).”
From Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability (2019) · cites this paper as [94]
Citations
Cites
Estimating African American Admixture Proportions by Use of Population-Specific Alleles
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The Minnesota transracial adoption study: A follow-up of IQ test performance at adolescence
Weinberg, R. A., Scarr, S., & Waldman, I. D. (1992) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/0160-2896(92)90028-p · Cited by 118
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Blood group genes and negro-white ability differences
Loehlin, J. C., Vandenberg, S. G., & Osborne, R. T. (1973) · Behavior Genetics · doi:10.1007/bf01067603 · Cited by 23
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Cited by
Sorted by citations
Thirty years of research on race differences in cognitive ability.
Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2005) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.235 · Cited by 457
“Most recently, Lynn (2002) and Rowe (2002) analyzed data from large, publicly available, archival data sets, which show that groups of mixed-race individuals have mean scores intermediate to unmixed groups of Blacks and of Whites.”
BackgroundFrom Dark to Light: Skin Color and Wages Among African-Americans
Goldsmith, A. H., Hamilton, D., & Darity, W. A. J. (2007) · The Journal of Human Resources · doi:10.3368/jhr.xlii.4.701 · Cited by 230
Advantages and Disadvantages of Separate Norms for African Americans
Manly, J. J. (2005) · The Clinical Neuropsychologist · doi:10.1080/13854040590945346 · Cited by 184
“Normative data have been used by social scientists, such as Richard Lynn, Arthur Jensen, and Richard Herrnstein (e.g., Hernstein & Murray, 1994; Jensen & Lynn, 2002), whose research agendas lead to dangerous and irresponsible biological and genetic interpretations.”
MethodManly, J. J., & Echemendía, R. J. (2007) · Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology · doi:10.1016/j.acn.2007.01.006 · Cited by 193
Profiling the New Immigrant Worker: The Effects of Skin Color and Height
Hersch, J. (2008) · Journal of Labor Economics · doi:10.1086/587428 · Cited by 155
Skin-Tone Effects among African Americans: Perceptions and Reality
Hersch, J. (2006) · American Economic Review · doi:10.1257/000282806777212071 · Cited by 127
Skin color and the therapeutic relationship.
Tummala–Narra, P. (2007) · Psychoanalytic Psychology · doi:10.1037/0736-9735.24.2.255 · Cited by 70
Myers, S., Kim, H.-W., & Mandala, C. (2004) · doi:10.2307/3211261 · Cited by 56
“Others have attributed the gap in test scores to differences in innate cognitive ability (Herrnstein & Murray, 1994; Lynn, 2002), although there is great dispute over the size of the effects of cognitive ability on achievement (see Johnson, 1993), as well as the causes of those effects.”
Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2010) · The Open Psychology Journal · doi:10.2174/1874350101003010009 · Cited by 48
“Going beyond the traditional three macro-races of Africans, Europeans, and East Asians, Lynn organized the data according to the ten “genetic clusters” (population groups) identified by Cavalli-Sforza et al. [15] in their 1994 History and Geography of Human Genes.”
BackgroundInfluentialHeredity, environment, and race differences in IQ: A commentary on Rushton and Jensen (2005).
Nisbett, R. E. (2005) · Psychology, Public Policy, and Law · doi:10.1037/1076-8971.11.2.302 · Cited by 47
“For example, they cite one study by Lynn (2002), which found a correlation of .17 between self-report of skin color as “very dark,” “dark brown,” “light brown,” or “very light” and a 10-word vocabulary test score.”
Rowe, D. (2005) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/0003-066x.60.1.60 · Cited by 48
“Skin color lightens with higher IQ and socioeconomic status (Krieger, Sidney, & Coakley, 1998; Lynn, 2002).”
BackgroundThe relationship between race and library anxiety among graduate students: A replication study
Jiao, Q. G., Onwuegbuzie, A., & Bostick, S. L. (2006) · Information Processing & Management · doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2005.03.018 · Cited by 41
Global Ancestry and Cognitive Ability
Lasker, J., Pesta, B. J., Fuerst, J. G. R., & Kirkegaard, E. O. W. (2019) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych1010034 · Cited by 32
Colorizing Educational Research
Monroe, C. R. (2013) · Educational Researcher · doi:10.3102/0013189x12469998 · Cited by 45
“…than Whites (Jensen, 1969) and incrementally “smarter” than other Blacks on the basis of the percentage of “White genes” in their biological makeup (Lynn, 2002).9 Because light-complexioned Blacks tend to have higher levels of educational attainment than dark-skinned Blacks (Allen et al.,…”
BackgroundJames Watson’s most inconvenient truth: Race realism and the moralistic fallacy
Rushton, J. P., & Jensen, A. R. (2008) · Medical Hypotheses · doi:10.1016/j.mehy.2008.05.031 · Cited by 21
Hu, M., Lasker, J., Kirkegaard, E., & Fuerst, J. (2019) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych1010017 · Cited by 18
“Additionally, replicating and extending the results of Lynn (2002) [18], Fuerst, Lynn, and Kirkegaard (2019) found that biracial status and color were associated with crystallized intelligence among African Americans [19].”
ResultRushton, J. P. (2007) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2007.10.011 · Cited by 13
“To make the various results comparable, Lynn adopted an IQ of 100 (with a standard deviation of 15) for Europeans in Britain as a bench mark and adjusted the results for Flynn effects, which vary with different tests (e.g., 3 IQ points a decade on the Wechsler tests from the mid-1930s to the 1990s, and 2 IQ points per…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSkin Color and Intelligence in African Americans: A Reanalysis of Lynn's Data
Hill, M. E. (2002) · doi:10.1023/a:1020704322510 · Cited by 13
“Finding a modest yet statistically significant correlation between skin tone and vocabulary test scores among African Americans, Lynn (2002) concludes that “intelligence in African Americans is significantly determined by the proportion of Caucasian genes” (p. 365).”
BackgroundInfluentialRace Differences in g and the “Jensen Effect”
Rushton, J. P. (2003) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-008043793-4/50046-5 · Cited by 12
Fuerst, J., Lynn, R., & Kirkegaard, E. (2019) · Psych · doi:10.3390/psych1010004 · Cited by 10
“Lynn (2002a) [1] analyzed the 1982 General Social Survey (GSS) and found a small but significant correlation between interviewer-rated skin color and Wordsum vocabulary scores in the self-identifying African American population (r = 0.17, p 0.01, N = 430) [1].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialSelf-citationEmpirical evidence of the effect of colorism on customer evaluations
Cowart, K., & Lehnert, K. (2018) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.21091 · Cited by 10
Race Differences in Intelligence
Lynn, R. (2006) · doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.jhered.a105282 · Cited by 9
“When the amount of European ancestry in American blacks is assessed by skin color, dark-skinned blacks have an IQ of 85 and light-skinned blacks have an IQ of 92 (Lynn, 2002a), and there is a statistically significant association between light skin and intelligence.”
BackgroundSelf-citationEveryday Colorism: Reading in the Language Arts Classroom
Webb, S. (2019) · English Journal · doi:10.58680/ej201930046 · Cited by 5
Association of Race and Color with Mean IQ across Nations
Templer, D., & Arikawa, H. (2006) · Psychological Reports · doi:10.2466/pr0.99.1.191-196 · Cited by 5
Ackerman, P., Anderson, B., Arden, R., Barrett, G., Brand, C., Brody, N., Carretta, T., Carroll, J. B., Constales, D., & Deary, I. J. (2008) · doi:10.1080/01062301.2008.10592833
Metadata
- Authors
- Lynn, R.
- Affiliations
- University of Ulster (GB)
- Corresponding author
- Lynn, Richard
- ORCID
- Lynn, Richard
- Venue
- Population and Environment
- Published
- 2002-03
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 365-375
- ISSN
- 0199-0039 (ISSN-L)
- 1573-7810
- OpenAlex
- W2142056854
- Cited by
- 30
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2019: 4 · 2018: 1 · 2014: 1 · 2013: 2 · 2012: 1
- FWCI
- 1.41
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Population and Environment (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Anthropology › Race, Genetics, and Society
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Cell Biology › melanin and skin pigmentation
- Keywords
- skin color, intelligence, African Americans, racial mixing, genetic ancestry, racial differences in intelligence, skin pigmentation
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